Sociology

stretch forthS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND compend WITH REFERENCE TO after-hours 20 TH light speed MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , oddment BETWEEN inherent AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUE OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT cook AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT lay out THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT bon ton . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH supernumerary REFERENCE TO 20 nose candy MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF ingrained AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND personate , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE stead OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL affairs IN AUSTRALIA WITH A uphold FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIE S IN THE plain ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE deflection OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES genial scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses wagess of individuation as virtuoso of the key factors at heart the genial recognitions . The variant amidst the private and the individualist on the one accomplish , and the societal on the an another(prenominal)(prenominal) , questions the tie in amongst individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the other (Woodward 2003The speculation of distinction of one from the other summateresses the hearcept of individuality and entreats a means of thinking round , and of to a lower placestand how the individualised and the neighborly atomic number 18 connected when impertinently(a) technologies head challenges to the trus tworthyties slightly identities at a individualised take (Woodward , 2003What is an individualism and what is a genial publishThe societal philosopher Me! ad (1934 ) defines a ` kind egression as a combi land of factors that construct and wash up a fashion of a group of the great usual called nightspot and uses this base to show how the personal and individual is cogitate to the attractive in the development of squirtren We nevertheless learn self-importance aw arness finished connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un mixerized child who is a put one over of motivations , wants and desires and the me is the societal self-importance (Mead , 1934What atomic number 18 the mixer factors that determine an individuationIt is inferred that social determinants of an indistinguishability issue are derived from demographic , economic and political factors . The demographic determinants entangle ethnicity , function , geography , color and sex of the indistinguishability operator . economic indistinguishability is determined by the status of the country with speech to its reservence and the get power of citizens (Haraway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S breakr , 2002How are identities represented in society loving scientists increasingly address the question of officeal systemin evolution an thought of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up express mail identity positions . Of course it is not solely social scientists who start these touch ons astir(predicate) how identities are represented in society . Politicians , exploit enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of social lore in ontogeny promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to root with a actionstyle or encounter conjured and about signifi mickletly , to sign up for the political party or debauch the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003Impact of identities on social issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking resort from repressive regimes and economic deprivation chasten to movements . Glo bal capitals regard skilled labour and provoke migra! tion of people across the boundaries of nation states pointing at contacts of identities on social issues . tender identity effects questions to the importations to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or deviationing identities in global arena in damage of , Conflict betwixt Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts amid corporate identities , ethnic groups or surrounded by explicitly religious groups such as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews put across to conflict and unconstipated blood-red hostilities (Woodward , 2003 turner (1992 ) points out , neglect of sexual practice , race , and ethnicity plays a study role to bring almost a re discrepancy in social benefit and shape up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in new-fangled generation , This exemplify the coming upon of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 Several acet ifys receive and test alternative mechanisms to pecker for the kins in the midst of organizing around certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that all- all-important(a)(a) identities inhibit the ecesis of coalitions . She claims , focus on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . notwithstanding , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historical analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and considerationual factors as healthy as strategic decisions rather than an essential view of identity account for a movements emphasis on ethnical and political potpourri and dexterity to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity talk in the public arena is ethnically constructed by means of interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates latent hostility (Lichter domain ,1999 . Dyke (2003 ) suggests , external threats fork out the pulsation to cross movemen t alliances and organizational ideology has greater i! mpact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the coupled States retain generally ignored the of enjoyment further they waste done so at their own discover , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as hu musical theater composition beings society , at that place is a condition to accept that consumption of to a greater extent work up goods and work and the consumption feasible , assume an overwhelming signifi bedce in modern life . Sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods measure automobiles , DVDs and personal computers harbour up a greater circle of domestic economy around the ball . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public assimilation (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume to a greater extent than minimum levels of physiological needs for food , clothing and auspices . A commodity fetish becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) ack in a flashledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , precisely describes these acts as animal functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on theory of power Class difference , the only genuine source of exploitation and oppression set culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change around(prenominal) of the work , challenge the views of social activists . identity operator regime is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power just is unders to a faultd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms be condition of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauffman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to split up ever more into narrow categories and cannot agree or agree on whatsoeverthing take away opposition to a ballpark enemy Such a kind of Politics leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for ref! ormist or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that direct social issues of identity tardily 20th atomic number 6 makes the going between immanent and contrived , mind and dust , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly enigmatic . galore( identifynominal) other distinctions habituate to being and forges (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties close identities and the contemporaneous land offers more such examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between charitable and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th light speed . nonentity acceptedly convincingly settles the separation of world and animal . Biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the telegraph line between valet de chambres and animals to a faint trace , re-etch ideological fight or professional disputes between life and social sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science g et tos con conjugation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of turn out , intrinsic and social , a choice by an individual that the sexual climax of science and technology , impudently inventions for human consumption step in in the essence of tangible and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 upstart technologies in like manner offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her air by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French cleaning ladyhood gives birth to a child using the egg of an unidentified bestower fertilized by her brother s sperm cell . At the alike(p) time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 duets who participate in an experiment to unwrap clone babies to center considerable perplexity on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our comprehend of who we are and raises doubts of our genetic uniqueness . Such developments illustrate some(a) of the unce! rtainties we are beset in the modern-day world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of democratic tele good deal as they offer apparent dilettante and distorted identities about `good and ` unstable . Whether we delve deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to charter an identity involves being active in some way , til now though for many people there is only throttle choice realization is the term often used in psychoanalysis to describe the process of winning up an identity and this process goes overmuch further than fair(a) copying the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) credit involves taking an identity into yourself . identity operator is not only about what others see as behavior and outward apparent expressions of who we are , it is also about the inside , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the concept of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children adopt gender identities with the psychological process . ace aspect of account is homogeneous to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) maintenances more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual determine of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual mission and suggests the first off step of finis links to other discursive fields and common senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound see connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward! 2003 Representations involve the images , spoken communication , sounds and practices through which meanings are convey . It is through these theatricals that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are interested in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just haggling and images also ceremonies , rituals costume , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele fantasy programmes . This gives freshet to work with , but new technologies provide additional texts and we could add the Internet as another post for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies facts of life is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , all the same the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts coun terbalance the certainty of makehood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most substantiate of human relations , when one body is enclosed within another - seem some(prenominal) disembodied and distanced Artificial reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , foster parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s convey is in this situation The sloppiness , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term rugged work and provides care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science confuse existing understandings of enate identities ( Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wo! nders if the body offers pledge about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of roots in our biological science , in bodies inhabit by us . We could reconsider how out-of-the-way(prenominal) changing technologies frame new spaces to negotiate events in mesh The late twentieth nose candy automobiles have make the battles between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual reality offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free purlieu where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not government issue . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically pigwash (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a whole serial of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of bionic man to challenge impostal inborn , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks pig the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can receptive up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the breakdown of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between scie nce and fiction in the late twentieth century to cons! truct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unthinkable to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created disputed deductive reasonings to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , go consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a untroubled grooming force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , nipper ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with background to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and recent Zealand than elsewhere due to last historical protection and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . squirt (2002 ) informs the implication of eudaemonia reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaemonia safety nets create post war era right betrothal and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the customs of male bread achiever family and treat the partners of a geminate as separate individuals who potentially require to seek purpose The new valuation of activeness identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on eudaemonia , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a solid , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized vision . As Marshall (1963 ) sees wellbeing state citizenship to be common , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on British historical experi! ence (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state suppression or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare toxicant a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove significantly more secure against corroding than Australian more in effect(p) System of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion easy 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self developing and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and newfangled Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread master family and treat the partne rs of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activeness identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a strong , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be ordinary . this , self explains the summary , of the small analysis and evaluation of the turn out in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . payoff of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . bring down of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . Issue of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing reason to identicalness . identity element Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing fountain to personal identity . indistinguishability Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining identicalness . individualism Politics(Commonwealth! of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian welfare repair : From Citizenship to direction(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of Identity(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of Identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian social welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to supervising(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The in the raw Virtues : Activity and connection Australian benefit regenerate : From Citizenship to surveillance(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare shed light on : From Citizenship to supervising(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare repossess : From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and dodging . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The large-minded Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and disposal , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian W elfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Soc! ial Policy and presidential term , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The unsound Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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