HBC From Fur to Fendi Essay

1. Three competitive strategies that the company HBC used prior to its sale to Zucker and NRDC are the differentiation strategy, the growth strategy and an e-business strategy. HBC used the differentiation strategy by reinventing itself with a more fashionable image through designer depot/Style depot. HBC used the growth strategy by expansion of the corporation to strengthen its share of the market with the acquisition of other retailers such as K-Mart Canada. They also opened the HBC Rewards Program to entice costumers back to its stores. HBC also used the e-business strategy by opening their online shopping program, allowing customers to have the option to shop online instead of having to go to the store. 2. Three strategies HBC adopted since the sale would be the renewal strategy, the focus differentiation strategy and the diversification strategy. Under the NRDC leadership, The Bay’s main focus was reattracting customers. They did this by dropping over 60 percent of its previous brands and relaunching the â€Å"Room†, which was located at one of its Toronto locations. â€Å"The Room† is a VIP suite containing high end designers. HBC also used the focus differentiation strategy by becoming an official sponsor for the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver. By selling Olympic branded merchandise this allowed the Bay to be open to a whole new market. Selling Olympic merchandise allows Olympic fans to have the option to buy that merchandise at The Bay. HBC uses the diversification strategy by launching â€Å"The Room† which allowed The Bay to then sell designer merchandise to customers, which broadened their variety to a whole new market of customers. 3. The competitive strategies mentioned before can be categorized into two categories, business or corporate level strategies. The business level strategies included, the differentiation strategy and the focus differentiation strategy. The corporate strategies included the growth strategy, e-business strategy, renewal strategy, and the diversification strategy.

Abstract Affirmative

Abstract affirmative (AA) action is a policy that the government created for counteracting discrimination against people. This happened for the reason of presenting people the chance of gaining equal opportunities for employment education and business. Many of our formal presidents has authorized executive orders that was meant for all hiring to be free from discrimination of race, color, or national origin with all government contractors and the other specifically for associations that had accepted federal contracts and subcontracts intended to end discrimination within the workforce towards individuals where the focus was on race, color, religion, and national origin. Soon after affirmative action was changed to include no prejudice against ones gender. Affirmative action consequently established preferential treatment towards all minorities and women in the hiring process and the chance to receive a higher education. affirmative action holds private employers accountable as well. during the civil rights movement affirmation action was a tool that proposed opportunities for women and minorities and to provide equality for them. there are noted changes in how colleges recruit and enroll students housing and also how using public transportation where now blacks can sit anywhere since Rosa Parks. Since affirmative action was primarily intended on improving chances for African Americans in employment and education but there is still a low percentage of improvement that is why an executive order was signed and it required all government and private industry jobs to increase the number of women disable individuals and minorities to either receive employment or to have the ability to gain an education or have additional training for work enhancement. There are numerous organization that uses affirmative action and equal employment opportunity policies within their business structure there is still a controversy today surrounding these issues. I researched to see if equal employment opportunity and affirmative action policies mean the same thing. equal employment opportunity definition is that it bans all types of discrimination. this means that no matter the race or gender everyone has the same chance of obtaining and getting promotions and the added incentive of training as the workforce continues to grow. But then affirmative action focus on past discrimination acts which were meant to give women, disabled individuals, and minorities an equal footing in gaining employment and a higher education. it was to create equality between the workers and employers however it has caused extra adversity in the workforce. because many believed that jobs held by whites were being jeopardized. has affirmative action been consistently and effectively used to create a more robust and productive workforce I would say yes; affirmative action has made it possible for many to see and earn their desired goals such as their life dreams. I feel that there are still many obstacles but if one applies themselves there are no limitations. Barak Obama was our nation's first black president and there are many who hold prominent leadership roles that which also includes women. recently in the news it was announced that the FBI for the first time in history may have a woman heading this department. though affirmative action has come a long way there are those who still discriminate and don't offer equal chances for others to succeed. Affirmative action has allowed the workforce to become more diverse in races genders and cultures. we must remember that the affirmative action is not about letting minorities to get into college or to get a job but it's about giving qualified individuals no matter their race a chance that they may not get otherwise. in conclusion has affirmative action been consistently and effectively used to create a more robust and productive workforce i would say yes it has worked extremely well. I hope to see it continue because there are many more who could benefit from this program.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 21

Essay Example It might not help in generating additional revenues in the short-run. But, it can enhance employee productivity in the long-run through maintaining a healthy relation with them and becoming responsible for their personal well-being. Again, through maintaining a good customer relation, the company can create a positive image in the society that will definitely help it in winning customer loyalty. Moreover, a good image can help a company in preventing implementations of government regulations on its activities that are sometimes known to be a consequence of popular public demands. This paper however, concentrates upon corporate social responsibilities, i.e., a corporate house’s concern towards environmental sustainability and climate changes and the strategies that a corporate should adopt to protect them (Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics, 2001). Environmental sustainability implies the measures that an organisation can take for the purpose of environmental protection and thus social welfare. It becomes a very important aspect of corporate responsibility since the well-being of the entire population as well as the future generation depends on it. Some important terminology being used in this paper while discussing the strategies that a company should ideally undertake for environmental protection and making room for climate changes are – Natural Resources – these are resources that are found in nature and are not necessary to be created artificially. Natural Resources can be of two types – exhaustible and inexhaustible. The former ones are those that cannot be restored once they are spent and hence need to be used with much care and concern. On the other hand, inexhaustible resources are those that could be restored and thus do not have a diminishing stock. So, it becomes an important corporate responsibility to protect these exhaustible natural resources and make as little use as possible of them, since everything in our nature

US and the first World War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US and the first World War - Essay Example The reason why America had to employ isolationism policy during the world related to the fact that majority of the America population are immigrants with some originating from the battling Austria-Hungary and Germany. This escalated the impossibility of America intervening for favor of its historic friend Britain because many people claimed that they had certain connection with the three anti-British countries. Besides the outcry by sections of the America as having particular links with Germany and Austria-Hungary, America also objected to take the neutral position to encourage its commercial deals with all the European countries. This was irrespective of whether the trading partner was pro or anti Britain. In 1898, America and Spain got into fierce war a move that seen to be the quest by America to expand its territories. Prior to the outbreak of the war between America and Spain, there were widespread of cries and revolt by Cuban people who wanted to secure their independence from Spain. As demonstrated by Morreta and Kearney, the Spanish government oppressed the Cuban civilians and news spread across America to trigger public anger (145). The government of US through the approval of President William McKinley made peaceful calls on Spanish government to withdraw from Cuba. ... cted by Americans was due to the past painful experiences of the Civil Wars, that just preceded the Great War and that saw massive exhaustion of the war equipments and a reduced military force. However, Spanish government refused the calls and in fact moved on to sink American battleship. This triggered tension in America, and the government deployed soldiers and war equipments to attack Spanish government through both the Pacific and Caribbean Oceans. According to Morreta and Kearney, the first field of war for the American-Spanish battle was in Philippines (146). After four months of serious battle, America forces appeared to overwhelm the Spanish forces thus paving the way for the surrender. Surrendering by the Spanish forces led to the brokering of peace deal that led to the Treaty of Paris signed in 1899. It is in this war that America appeared as the world’s superpower. The silence and isolationism policy adopted by government of US came to end during the World War I. Th is happened even when America objected to maintain neutrality despites the aggression of German on Britain and France. The World War I was going to result from various factors like militarism where countries like Germany, Britain, France and Russia wanted to dominate each other on the basis of strong military bases. Escalation of the war was due the existence of many alliances formed mainly to help individual parties to strengthen their defense. For instance, Russia had established alliance with Serbia, Russia with France, Japan with Britain, France with Britain and Belgium, and Germany with Austria-Hungary (Morreta and Kearney 148). When the war began, members of a particular alliance or connected with particular common country would merge to fight the common enemy. Another cause of the WWI was

Are the different theoretical models that attempt to provide a general Essay - 1

Are the different theoretical models that attempt to provide a general theory of employee relations in small and medium sized firms (SMEs) reliable, or is the sector to divergent Critically discuss - Essay Example SMEs provide new flexible forms of employment which is not an inferior form of work organization but necessitated by supply and demand forming an additional basis for new segmentation in work and employment relations in the labour market (Thurman 1993). Official statistics on the incidenceof SMEs provide valuable information stating that these SMEs employed a total of 8.66 million employees i.e. 36 percent of all UK employees and accounted for 47 percent of private sector employers’ turnover. This makes it apparent why employee relations are important in small and medium sized firms apart from innovation and economic growth (Forth, Bewly and Bryson 2006). The above statistical records for SMEs make it vital for the involvement of employee relationship in these firms and whether industrial relations theory or model are reliable in the context of their operations and management. According to Bolton Report ‘Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms† (cited in Forth, Bewly and Bryson, 2006), it was concluded that â€Å"although physical working conditions were generally inferior to those found in larger firms, industrial relations in smaller firms were distinctive in conflict prone economy as being predominantly harmonious. Arrowsmith et al (2003) further elaborate the report of Bolton Committee characterizing about the size of SMEs and observe that there is a close proximity between manager and workers in SME which promotes mutual and informal ‘give and take’ that undermines collective organization and conflict. While industrial relations or employee relations is necessary to so as to maintain a balance at bargaining for the purpose of which unions are formed, putting forth their demand in front of the employer in case of large firms (Farnham, 2000). The three main competing sets of theories are classified and explained by Farnham and Pim lott (cited in Farnham 2000) which depict the nature of industrial conflict between employers and employees and between

Managing Successful Projects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Successful Projects - Assignment Example The project management approach outlines more than 40 processes that are necessary for project management and group the processes into distinct process categories and â€Å"Knowledge areas† (Zarafani 2011, 38). The standard’s process categories are â€Å"initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing† of projects while knowledge bases are â€Å"project integration, scope, time, cost, quality, human resources, communication, risk, and procurement management† (Zarafani 2011, 38). The Knowledge scope has further been extended to include â€Å"project safety, environmental, financial, and claim management† (Zarafani 2011, 38). The approach values project requirements from stakeholders’ perspectives and considers clients’ level of utility, control measures, periodic improvements, and prime management’s initiatives throughout projects. It however deals with a single project at a time (Zarafani 2011, 39). The United Kingdom’s â€Å"Project Management Body of Knowledge,† also known as PM BoK, is another standard approach to project management. The approach is almost a reflection of the United States’ version but identifies 52 subjects that are considered in seven elements of project management. ... ndards, it is distinct and offers elements such as â€Å"customer focus, management responsibility,† role of stakeholders to a project, quality, and periodic improvements during a project’s lifestyle (Zarafani 2011, 40). The â€Å"Competency Standards for Project Management† from Australia is another standard approach to managing project. It derives its basis from the American model but incorporates standards to ensure compliance with professionally approved procedures (Zarafani 2011, 40). PRINCE is another standard approach to project management. It identifies universality in project implementation efforts subject to specified conditions. It must be â€Å"successfully used everywhere,† must be â€Å"robust, internally consistent and free from evident fault,† is clear and easy to understand, and is â€Å"viable,† â€Å"scalable,† and â€Å"relevant† (Roberts 2013, p. 20). I have taken the United States based PRINCE approach. My choice is based on the approach’s constructs that guarantees success and efficiency besides its clarity, simplicity, and predetermined viability, scalability and relevance (Roberts 2013, p. 20). The process of developing an effective project management environment No standardized strategy exists for developing an effective project management environment. Processes for motivating members of a project team can however develop a motivated team and an effective environment for implementing a project. This can however be achieved through a comprehensive approach that meet team members’ needs such as ensuring â€Å"interesting and challenging work,† â€Å"professionally stimulating work environment,† ensuring strong leadership and growth among team members, developing interpersonal potentials, defining responsibility and restricting dynamism of involved

Relationship between Soul and Body Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Relationship between Soul and Body - Assignment Example People comprehend that Buddha was very much inclined by the Upanishads and in peoples view the cause that Buddha went from self to meaninglessness was that the trend with the education of personality was. The spirit of Chariot The king suggested that Nagasena are all not the Skandhas put together. He went ahead and explained that nothing was to be found outside the five Skandhas that are known as the Nagasena (Jacobsen, Pg 56). He explained that the Nagesena is an empty sound and it is a falsehood that people believe that their respect has spoken. The king answered that the parts were not the chariot and not anything outside them was the chariot. What are the differences between minds and bodies which Descartes lines out? The actual difference of mind and body supported on their varied natures is the basis of the prominent mind-body trouble: how can these two matters with exceptionally dissimilar natures causally interrelate to provide growth to a human being able of having deliberat e bodily movements and sensations? Their worries occur from the assertion at the spirit of the actual difference disagreement that mind and body are exceptionally dissimilar or opposite things (Jacobsen, Pg 72). What problems does Philonous lead Hylas into concerning the way substance stands under or supports accidents? What does Hylas conclude? Philonous suggest that thing that causes accidents are a thing that people know very well. Their color, shape, and size are factors that are familiar to individuals. What is surprising is that these things cannot have meaning when they are alone, thus they cannot cause accidents. There must be a unifying factor for these things to have meaning thus cause accidents. Hylas concludes that without this a common factor, these items do not have meaning and they cannot cause accidents. What problems does Philonous point out about Hylas view of objects existing when no one perceives them? Philonous suggests that Hylas takes looks things as single ob jects that is why he has a problem in getting meaning of the main picture. He does not put things together for them to have meaning in order to get the correct idea (Jacobsen, Pg 76). For instance, he does not understand that accidents only occur when some factors are put together. There must be a unifying factor for these substances to be incorporated for an accident to occur. For Hume, an impression is some experience, like a sound, a color, a smell, pain or pleasure, etc. The idea of self describes the necessary traits that make one individual different from all others. There have been numerous methods to centralize these traits. The self is the thought of a combined being that is the basis of awareness (Jacobsen, Pg 85). Furthermore, this self is the means in charge of the opinions and events of a person to which they are credited. It is an essence, which therefore tolerates through time; consequently, the opinions and events at dissimilar instances may relate to the same person ality. How does Ryle think Descartes gave rise to the category mistake involving the mind?  

Journal #8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal #8 - Essay Example According to Apex website, Mills Branch Wind is expected to occupy approximately 5000 acres of local open farming land in Eastern Kent and is capable of generating up to 100 MW of homegrown energy, with a potential of powering approximately 30,000 homes every year. The expected number of turbines is 25-30, with approximately  ¼ to  ½ mile spacing on active farmland. Demand for new infrastructure will be limited due to the existing highways and high-voltage power cables. The project intends to cause very limited disruption to farmers hence an opportunity for them to continue with their farming activities. Mills Branch Wind would constitute an important investment in the rural economy by providing revenues to farmers, schools and the government. During construction, 70-100 full time jobs are expected to emerge and 6-8 permanent opportunities at each local facility of operation and maintenance. Kent County is favorable for this project after examination of several potential sites due to: existence of high- voltage cables, affirmed wind resource, adequate commercial farmland for expansion, an existing highway network and location far from sensitive environmental and military areas. Landowners and farmers hosting the wind turbines would benefit adequately from payment of annual lease for a projected period of 25 years, injecting revenues amounting to millions of dollars into the local economy of Kent County. The construction of Mills Branch Wind is in its early stages as extensive studies, community input, permits, engineering and other activities must be finished first. Therefore, Apex is working closely with The Local Government of Kent County and the public to get the project on track. Mills Branch Wind project is not without challenges. The project is facing a lot of opposition from both economic and political environments. The major players in opposition are Eastern Shore Land Conservancy and Keep Kent

Peak moment anaysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peak moment anaysis - Essay Example The core value of the real life is to help the community. According to Loehr, (2015), values are important not only for work but also they reflect on a daily, at work or at home who we are (para 5). This whole approach to values as a person helps us become a better leader in all aspects of life not only in our careers. As a leader values will give you a sense of life and lead a purposeful life. As a person, I have to make a decision to live a life with purpose. This decision will significantly affect my job and future life. It is easier to find my values when I have stronger root of core values. Values are connected both personal and social. To fulfill one, the other is also fulfilled. The knowledge of values contributes to individual development, a sense of commitment, a better moral character and how to respond to the aspects of life. Personal and social values make one to have self-knowledge and be able to understand the needs, rights, feeling, and experiences of others and relate them to the current environment (Gulla, p.265). My values shall be personal so that I do not replicate them for others. Sometimes people tend to look at others and copy what they do because they think the reason they are succeeding is through the values they have (RÃ ¸nnow-Rasmussen, p.2). Four years ago, I left to LA to reflect and find my core values. As an international student who takes ESL, most of my time was consumed at the airport because of my improper English. Additionally, I had to waste three more hours to catch a taxi. I admit that it was because of not only poor English but also the fear that I felt when I was trying to speak it. Finally, I found a taxi that would take me to my hotel. It was such an exhausting ride since this taxi had to stop at more than ten hotels to drop other customers. However, when I reached the hotel that I reserved, I saw my future. Although it was around 11 PM at that time, the view

Women and the Second World War Sources Questions Essay Example for Free

Women and the Second World War Sources Questions Essay Before World War II, not many women worked, and there were certain jobs that people believed women couldnt or shouldnt do. Women didnt have any kind of military role before the war. Most women were used to getting married, having children and bringing them up, and having a husband around the place who would usually be the sole wage earner in other words, only the man would go out to work. Of course, once the war broke out, the majority of men were away fighting in some way. So this had a big effect on family lives, and the lives of women. The jobs still had to be done after all. So the purpose of this source is to persuade women to do their vital bit for the war. To get involved in the armed forces, and to work in fields in which men had previously worked. Source A is a broadcast on the BBC Home Service by a member of the womens Institute in May 1941. It is aimed at women to persuade them to do their crucial bit for the war. It is an appeal aimed at women, and has a few elements of propaganda. The authors tone and attitude to the situation Britain faced was very positive, as she knows its a great opportunity for women to work together and show that they are able to do any job that a man is capable of doing. The broadcasters main aim is to make sure she brings an emotional approach to her audience, so that women can reflect on the dreadful situation that Britain faced. She seems to be very compulsive towards the entire war effort; she makes it sound exciting, and thrilling. Her speech makes you want to volunteer to join the war effort. She portrays the war effort in an upbeat positive manner. We are fighting for our lives. The Broadcaster seems very patriotic and is determined to win the war. Seeing as Britain was on the brink of defeat in 1941, she could probably see her whole life flash before her eyes if Britain were to give in to Hitler. Not only would her future be ill fated, but she would also lose her little freedom which she took advantage of. This is why she is hoping to get a constructive response from the women of Britain. 2. Study Sources A and B. Does the writer of source B have a different attitude to the importance of women in the war effort from the author of source A. Explain your answer using both sources. Source B is an article in the West Ham Gazette. A female member of the Local Council in West Ham wrote this editorial in 1941. Source A is a broadcast on the BBC Home Service by a member of the womens Institute in May 1941. Both sources are from 1941 just when Britain were on the brink of defeat. They are both aimed at women, are about women, and are from a womans point of view. Both sources agree that women should do their vital fraction for the war, to fight. Women, of course, didnt physically fight, however they did do some very important and skilled jobs. They became involved in the war effort, which helped Britain win the Second World War. However, both sources not only have things in common, but they also differ too. Women should get on with the job. The author of source B is more demanding. It is almost like she can give orders, and has more authority over what women should and shouldnt do. Whereas in source A, the author doesnt put as much power into her speech, although her dialogues seem to have more enthusiasm. Isnt it worth it? Together yes it is. She gives her listeners more of a choice as to whether they want to help in the war effort she makes the war effort sound amusing and entertaining; source B has a more commanding and intimidating role. The author of source B has a rather cynical and cheeky behaviour, not only does she want women to work in the war effort, but also she wants the good conditions that they are permitted to. As a result she wants to get more out of the war. She wants lasting changes for women. She wants to be treated with more respect. She also seems to be a bit of a sarcastic feminist. Her opening paragraph suggests that women are only regarded as important when the country is in desperate need of them. Its almost as if the author doesnt like being used. Her article gets more to the point. Whereas source A is full of passion and interest. Its more appealing. We are fighting for our lives. Source A is more like an unconditional obsessive duty that any woman would be proud to perform. Both authors have totally different attitudes. The author from source A is much more patriotic and eager, but the author from source B portrays the war effort in a depressing manner. 3. Study source C. In what ways does source C help you to understand the difficulties faced by women during the Second World War? Source C is a woman speaking in 1941, describing her evening routine at home after working in a factory all day. She is being interviewed, and she seems relatively tense. Her typical daily schedule seems to be very hectic and busy. She doesnt go into detail about her day because she knows her interviewer knows whats entailed when she mentions queuing for food, cooking food, washing and mending. Working wives were faced with the constant difficulty of having two jobs, one in the home and the other at work. It was very difficult to fit in cooking, shopping, housework and childcare with exceedingly long working hours required in a full-time job, predominantly at a time when domestic tasks were considered entirely a womans liability. Womens wage rates were usually half of those of men. Factory hours made standard shopping unattainable. A familys ration book could only be registered with one grocery shop, and by the time a woman got there after work, it would be likely that she would find the usual queues, and also that many of the goods had already been sold out. Before the war, shops usually opened until fairly late in the evening, but now had been well ordered to close early on to save energy. Working women found they had no time to queue for unrationed goods, and might have to shop in their lunch hour, missing their own meal, or on a Saturday afternoon, when the shops were at their most crowded. This problem contributed to high rates of absence in the factories. For the woman being interviewed, running a home and bringing up a family single-handedly, her life could be a nightmare of extensive factory shifts, followed by shopping, cooking and housework. Her health probably suffered because of tiredness, stress, pressure, anxiety and inadequate, hasty meals. Rationing of clothes was introduced in June 1941.This meant women had to buy their clothes with coupons. With the government only supplying 48-66 coupons per person per year, women only had enough to buy a dress, a winter coat, a dressing gown and two pairs of knickers, leaving only 7 more coupons for the rest of the year. This is why women were bombarded with encouragement to make their own clothes, and mend their old ones, as they didnt have enough clothes to go all year round. Women kept every scrap of material in case it could be used, and made the best out of what was available. They couldnt afford to throw anything away. The needle was a weapon of the war to maintain old clothes were long lasting. 4. Study Sources D, E and F. Use the sources, and your own knowledge, to explain why the government produced so many leaflets and advertisements about food and cooking during the war. From the start of the war, women soon become aware of changes when they went shopping. Some goods were unavailable and others were in very short supply. Before the war, 60% of Britains food came from overseas. Supplies soon began to decrease as the nazis had gained much control of Europe. The nazis also bombed ships that were advancing in the direction of Britain. As a result the price of food fluctuated and soared rocket high. This meant that only the rich could afford to buy food, and poor people would starve to death. Soon the government introduced rationing in January 1940. Everyone had a ration book full of stamps that said how much you were allowed to buy of each item each week. Rationing bought a degree of fairness. Coupons as well as money were needed to buy essential goods that were in short supply. On the whole rationing was popular because it at least meant that everybody could be certain of getting their share of essential necessities even if they were not allowed as much as they liked. Rationing actually worked very well and peoples diets were very healthy although the food was plain and rather boring. It also continued for some time after the war because it took a while for things to get back to normal. Some people managed to get extra food on the black market, if they knew the right people and the money. The way women managed to feed their families became a subject of national significance in wartime. A programme of advertising and propaganda was aimed at persuading women to attain the complicated aim of saving food whilst maintaining their familys health and fitness. A good example is source D, a paragraph from a leaflet produced by the Ministry of Food in 1941. It is a mixture of information and propaganda. It is aimed at women because cooking was considered a womans responsibility. Source D persuades women to eat more potatoes. This was generally because they were easy to grow and they could save shipping space. The government persuaded people to grow their own vegetables in their back garden as supplies were running short. The government also used to give out leaflets about using food to the greatest advantage. There was always a new way of serving potatoes, they were also healthy and cheap. Food was VITAL; it was a weapon of war! Food was so important during the Second World War that even had its own Ministry. The Ministry of Food had to try and re-educate women to be conscious of the nutritional value of diverse foods, the importance of a balanced diet, and also to persuade them to use different cooking methods. Without food no one would have had the energy to work! Thus, the message of this source is to convince women to eat more potatoes, whether they are baked, fried, roasted or toasted! The Ministry of Food, which controlled rationing, spent colossal sums of money on advertisements directed at women. Papers and magazines were full of hints and encouragement for housewives. For instance, source E. An advertisement produced by the ministry of food in 1941, aimed at women. It is an advertisement of propaganda telling the women of Britain how well they are doing in the kitchen-front. It is more like a mini-survey to see how many medals each household deserves from saving the little crumbs to making a variety of different foods everyday. The advertisements aim is too keep up morale and keep people working hard. It seems Britain were in a desperate crisis, and that food supply was running very short! The key to stretching rations was planning ahead. The government produced many leaflets and cookery notes on planning a week of cooking. A typical example is source F, a series of cookery notes produced by the Ministry of Food during the war. The source doesnt tell us specifically when it was produced. It is aimed at women, and is a relevant source of information for women on how to cook as well as saving as much food as possible. Source F tells us what was the typical weekly food rations offered to everyone. The source shows us what foods were available at the time. On the list there seems to be that dairy products are in short supply. This suggests that the farmers in Britain would not have had a good year of produce and that Britain hasnt been able to import any. Furthermore, the list plan shows that potatoes should be cooked everyday except Friday and Saturdays. This suggest that the amount of potatoes which were imported were of a very high number, and that farmer and people had been growing a wholesome amount in their back gardens. The government produced a lot of food and cooking leaflets during the war because it was beginning to run out of supply. The Nazis had gained so much control over Europe that Britain had to get its supplies from USA. This was usually a much longer journey, and Britain had to wait ages until ships reached the docks. The governments aim was to make sure women used each item of food wisely, and saved as much food as they possibly could. They tried to convince women to grow their own vegetables, as food was a weapon of war. But in the whole, rationing was a very clever way of distributing food in the country. 5. Study sources G and H. How useful are these sources as evidence about the role of women at work during the war? Source G is a popular song during the Second World War, which was probably sung by women in factories to boost their morales. It perhaps helped them to keep up with work, and to make them realise that everybody was on the same boat. The source isnt very reliable, as we dont know when it was written or who wrote it. Therefore anybody could have written this song, whether he/she was anti-war or pro-war. But what we can learn from this source is that many women had sexist attitudes. It is only a song about women. I think that the amount of propaganda the government produced, indoctrinated all the women into thinking that it was ONLY they who helped win the war, when in fact men also did play a vital part in the Second World War. I dont think this song is of any value. Its not reliable enough to be kept as a recollection of the Second World War. To me, the song sounds like a nursery rhyme. The language is very informal. The only good thing about source G is that it could cheer up women at work, boost their morales, it livens up the atmosphere at work. The bad thing about the source is that it isnt very useful. It doesnt tell us much about the role of women at work during the war. Its not informative. Source H is a recollection of a woman speaking about her experiences during the war. She was speaking in 1983. This source is very reliable as she is describing her personal experience of the war. She was in the war the whole time, and knew about the situation Britain faced. Source H shows a negative view of the land army. The womans account of the land army was negative. We had sausages everyday and They were horrible, may be a slight exaggeration of the truth. This may be a build up of all the bad things about the place she was at or where she came from. The source was written forty years after the event and this could have caused her to remember just the bad points and she could have forgot important points and made bits up. She has a bad view on physical labour this may be because she hasnt been used to it. Source H also tells us that travelling to work everyday was difficult. This woman had to bike eight miles to work, and then eight miles back. Women had to go wherever they were sent for work, and this would sometimes mean long tiring journeys. They didnt have the free will to work in one set place. Women working in farms were sent to one farm one day, and another farm the next. Moreover, this source tells us that some managers made their workers feel unwelcome. They werent treated with enough respect. They were given the same food everyday, horrible boiled sausages, which the woman describes, tasted awful! This source also tells us that women had a variety of jobs to do, from planting potatoes to working in forestry. The only weak point about this source is that it is only a recollection of ONE womans experience. Many other women could have the same view about the war as the woman from this source, and many other women probably have different views and opinions. Furthermore, this woman is speaking in 1983. Her memory was probably a little unclear and blurred. Source H alone, is a very informative and revealing source. If it were to be put together with source G (the song), then it would just be degrading source H. Source G tells us nothing; its just a song. We dont even know who wrote it or even when it was written. Source H alone is much stronger; it is very informative and useful in telling us how women were treated, and what they had to do at work. 6. Study sources I and J. Use the evidence of these sources, and your own knowledge, to explain whether the war brought lasting changes in the role-played by women in British society. The Second World War had brought many changes for women. They were required to participate in the war effort. They had a chance to prove themselves worthy, by involving themselves in the job industry. They gained a lot of respect, independence and confidence. They had become of major importance during the war. During the war government propaganda had insisted that women should play a full part in the war effort. Their labour was required in wartime industries and voluntary welfare organisations; their housekeeping had to be carefully considered and cheap to run; and above all they had to keep merry. They were not expected to complain in any way. Women had had a position to participate in their own right. With the ending if the war, priorities altered, and women were expected to return to their traditional roles as mothers and wives. Women found they had been laid off their jobs immediately after they had won the Second World War. A classic example is source I. A letter sent to the em ployees of Tate and Lyle in 1945, just when the war had come to an end. This source explains how men have come back from fighting in the war, and will need to be replaced by women. The letter is quite sincere, as it does thank women for working happily for last five and a half years. It shows how women have been used, and laid off work. Women were expected to go back, and adapt into their own lifestyles after working in civil organisations during the war. Through the period of the war, women learnt many skills and talents. Hard work had really payed off after winning the war, but women were disappointed, as they couldnt bring many lasting changes. Many women were offended, but not all jobs laid women off work. A few women still worked part time. But after the war, women werent needed to work, as few jobs were no longer required to run. Propaganda had so successfully influenced women into wartime jobs now changed way to convince them to stay at home. The same broadcasts and magazines that had previously told them how vital it was for them to work now told women how essential it was to be at home with their family. Source J is an advertisement, which appeared in the magazine Picture Post in November 1945. (Just after the war had ended). This advertisement is a blitz of reverse propaganda. It persuades women to go back to their conventional roles as housewives and mothers. It makes simple home life sound so pleasant, and convinces women that looking after your family is the primary priority for any woman. Some women would rebel against this, as they probably want best for their daughters in the future. They dont want their children to live through the same difficulties and hardship as they did. The education act in 1944 offered girls more opportunities. It was an attempt to create the structure for the post-war British education system. The act raised the school-leaving age to 15 and provided universal free schooling in three different types of schools; grammar, secondary modern and technical. Girls could now be educated suitably, and could use their knowledge for power, and confidence in the future. Great social changes did pursue soon after the end of the war with the introduction of the welfare state. Women also felt some changes, as they were treated with much more respect. Nevertheless, women didnt lose their confidence. Some women liked the idea of having a good rest, though they were also reluctant to give up what they had achieved entirely. Some women found their wartime independence didnt seem to survive after 1945, but they had greater self-assurance in their abilities. World War Two put the confidence and expectations of women high and the respect people gave them. 7. Study all of the sources. The writer of source K believed that the most important part played by women in the war effort was in the home. Use the sources and your own knowledge, to explain whether you agree with this view about womens contribution to the war effort. Source K is a paragraph from a history textbook written in the 1970s. The source doesnt tell us whether the writer experienced life in the Second World War. If he didnt, then I dont think he would have known exactly what it was like to be in a war. Only those who suffered during the war would know what it was precisely like to be involved in a war. The writer of source K believes that the ordinary housewife role in the home front helped win the war. I dont think the source is very reliable. It is more of an opinion stated in a textbook rather than a fact because most people would agree with it, and most people would disagree with it. All jobs done by women were important in their own respect. Source C suggests that many women did both. They worked in the kitchen front as well as war work. Source A also suggests that war work and the kitchen front are both vital. It is no longer a question of what is the most comfortable arrangement for each family. This suggests that family life at home also had to be altered, nothing could be thrown away, and everything must be saved for the war effort. Everybody had to help, and that no time could be wasted relaxing. The quote also develops into the fact that women had to take out precious family time by working in factories, armed forces, the land army, and many other recruitment organisations. Propaganda made war work sound challenging and rewarding and the life of a working girl exciting, independent- and even glamorous. There were some women who did skilled work such as farming and working in a forestry. However, as source H suggests, these jobs werent anything how the government had made them out to be. You often had to work extremely hard in an unfriendly environment. Source H implies that war work was tiring, and awfully difficult. As a result, I think these women would have preferred to be at home looking after their families, a not so challenging task! Another Kitchen front task women had to keep up with was rationing. Queuing for food, and then making the most out of it wasnt an easy mission. Source F talks about he hardships of everyone because everyone had to be involved in rationing. However the evidence isnt solid because there was a black market, and got people around this problem. Source F agrees with the views of the writer in source K. Both sources think that women working in the home helped win the war. BUT rationing wasnt enough; the government had come out with yet another task for women to do. They were persuaded to grow their own vegetables in their back gardens. Source D suggest that potatoes were a good vegetable to grow, as they were healthy. This meant that not only did women have to cook, clean, queue for food, go shopping, look after their children, and work in the war effort, they had to grow their own vegetables, plant them, water them and look after them. Source E suggests that women were keeping up with the kitchen front fantastically. It is a message telling women that they were doing absolutely fine, and to keep up with the excellent work. Working life in the home seemed very hectic for the average woman. Working in the home was just as hard as working in any factory, just as source H suggests. For some women, war work brought greater independence, the opportunity to train for skilled jobs and take pride in what they did. Source B suggests that war can bring a brighter future for women by asking for respect, independence and more freedom in return. Women wouldnt have been able to gain all this if they hadnt conscripted or volunteered into the work force. Out of war work, women achieved a lot of dignity, a changing role and a better future, not only for them, but for their children too. They played an important part in the work force too. It boost their confidence and self-conscious. Some women enjoyed working in the work force. Source G is a popular song that was probably sung by a lot of women in the work force. The song implies that women used to sing to keep up morales and that they were really determined to win the war. It also implies that the atmosphere at work used to be fun and merry. War work and kitchen work were inter-dependant. Both jobs, in and out of the home were vital to keep the country running. Jobs were of the same importance, they were both very hard to keep up with, but working in the factory and not working at home would be impossible. There would always be a little bit of cooking and cleaning to do at home. Working in the civil defence, or the armed forced was just as hard as struggling to feed and clothe your family. Without any income, a family cannot survive. Women had no choice but to work. Not only were they working for their childrens health and safety, they were also helping out in the war effort at the same time. Women were of high importance in whatever they did. Their contribution to everything helped Britain win the war!

Importance of Political Theory

Importance of Political Theory POLITICAL THEORY Political Theory is generating an endless debate about its comprehensive definition; there are several views by theorists in understanding the nature of the discipline. There is need to clarify the meaning of key political ideas such as freedom, equality, justice etc. in a systematic manner. There is need to examine the arguments put forward by various political think-tanks in the justification of these concepts. In examining arguments, there is also need to reflect upon our modern political experiences and spot out trends and expectation for the future. Political Theory â€Å"is the combination of two words, ‘politics’ and ‘theory’. The word ‘Politics’, here stands for an identification of that which is to be â€Å"theorized† or â€Å" understood,† while ‘Theory’ comes from a Greek word called â€Å"theorema† which means what emerges from â€Å"theorizing.† ‘Theoros’ which means an intelligent observer, one who looks at what is going on, asking questions about it and tries to understand it. (LSE 1/1/54. Autograph).† John Plamenatz described political theory as the ‘systematic thinking about the purposes of government’ (Plamenatz, 1960: 37) and I think this definition is just as apt today as it was then. Political theory is, however, usually regarded as a distinctive approach to the subject, even though, particularly in the USA, it is seen as a subfield of political science involves the analytical study of ideas and doctri nes that have been central to political thought (Heywood, A. 2004). Political theory According to Farrell C. (2004), Political theory is thus a normative discipline; it is primarily concerned with how things ought to be as opposed to how things actually are. Leftwitch (1994), points out that one of the main contribution of political philosophy to our understanding of politics, is the potential for developing consistency and clarity of thought and judgment and that this process of clarification is not about analytical or explanatory activity: it is also about listening. According to Leftwitch politics is about conflict and its resolution, and resolving conflicts of interest occurs in all societies at all levels. Philosophical questions such as the nature of truth, will, determinism, etc. play a crucial role in argumentation, but we prefer the term â€Å"theory† because it seems less daunting and abstract; however we don’t see any substantive difference between theory and philosophy (Hoffman, etal, 2009). Political theory is not a question of whether political animals follow theory, but a question of which theory or concept is supported when they present policies and undertake actions (Hoffman, etal, 2009). Theory and concept are tools used interchangeably for political analysis with which we think, criticize, argue, explain and analyze to guide and inform political action. To argue that something is true is not to cast out all doubt, if something is true this does not also mean that it is not also false. It simply means that on balance one proposition is truer or less false than the other. To argue otherwise is to assume that a phenomenon has to be one thing or another; philoso phers call this dualistic approach (Hoffman, etal, 2009)†. Theorists are not only important to politicians: our notions of common sense and human nature are heavily infused with the views of thinkers we may never have heard of, for instance, Ben Barber tells us in his website that he was an informal advisor to President Bill Clinton between 1994 and 1999 because of his ability to bridge the â€Å"world of theory and practice.† I can contest as to whether the political leaders, acts according to the right political concepts, but it is irrefutable that their dealings are connected to theory. In relationship to what Hoffman says, to point out that â€Å"democracy† is good is both true or false, because even the true democrats would acknowledge some shortcomings of democracy and even the aggressive critics would agree that it has some positive component. According to Friedman, this vital freedom is found only in free market capitalist economies, in which ‘freedom’ in effect means the absence of government interference’. According to Mills (1859), â€Å"if all of mankind minus one, were of one opinion, and only one other person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would no more be justified in silencing that person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind.† Thomas Hobbes for instance, described freedom as the ‘silence of the laws’. John Locke suggested that law does not restrict liberty as much as defend or enlarge it. Therefore I can argue that while I agree that individuals should be forced to be free on the other hand unconstrained freedom or liberty could amount to the infringement of other people’s rights. For example, people should be forced or encouraged to express their freedom of expression or movement or demonstration while taking into consideratio n the rights of others without infringing their rights. The idea of equality is perhaps the defining feature of modern political thought (Heywood, A. 2004). The most noticeable, and perhaps most imperative, manifestation of formal equality is the principle of legal equality, or ‘equality before the law’. In constructing his theory of ‘justice as fairness,’ Rawls appeals to the idea of the social contract. Cohen, portrayed legal equality as ‘market’ or ‘bourgeois’ equality, and argued that it operates as little more than a facade, serving to disguise the reality of exploitation and economic inequality. In constructing his theory of ‘justice as fairness,’ Rawls appeals to the idea of the social contract. A liberalist view, every person is blessed with reason or will, which hinges on individual rights, beliefs of rationality and self-interested. In true sense, however, equality does not mean the same treatment in as much as there can be no likeness of treatment as long as peopl e differ in want, capacity and need etc. As Walzer argued, different principles of justice may therefore be appropriate in different spheres of life. Rawls’s theory of the difference principle does permit inequality it does so only when such inequalities benefit everyone, especially the least advantaged. Dworkin’s principle, (2000) of equal concern requires us to compensate those who have handicaps and little native (or non-marketable) talents, there is a difference between someone who is less advantaged as a result of circumstances beyond their control (for example, being born with a severe handicap) and someone who is less advantaged as a result of their own choice (for example, choosing to live off welfare payments instead of working). For instance, when the government distributes fertilizer-subsidy or food items to the disadvantaged- I slightly agree with Rawls difference principle on one hand I do not agree on the other, especially the identification of the least advantaged. It is a little bit tricky for someone to qualify as a genuine needy person because it could encourage laziness to those who pretend to be the poorest. It is better for anybody to sweat in order to get something rather than getting anything on silver tray. History is evidently important, as part of exploration into modern challenges. My view, ‘political theory,’ is the ability to inquire into the political activity by using analytical tools such as concept, model and theory to dissect by believing the answers to the questions examined to have an important impact of what goes on in the real world. It is important for political academics to develop the critical skills necessary to explore new experience and new knowledge through the analysis of political ideas and their relationship to political practice. This experience in-turn informs the future. I can argue that academic political theory should ascertain to enhance the quality of public political debate. BIBLIOGRAPHY Farrelly C. (2004). Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory. Heywood, A. (2004). Political Theory: An Introduction, 4th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Hoffman J and Graham P. (2009). Introduction to Political Theory. Leftwitch A. (1994). What is Politics?

Texas City Disaster :: Industry Economy History Essays

During the war Texas City became a big industrial center. It had seven petrochemical refineries, two oil pipeline companies and the only tin smelter in the US. The city was growing and expanding. Schools operated in two shifts, just like the chemical plants. The demand for industry was high, but safety standards were still low and inexperienced. the year of 1947 became a crucial event in the memories of the city. On April 16 and 17 a major disaster befallen on the whole population that for many years after could not be forgotten. It all started on a bright and clear morning when the ship in the Texas City Harbor, The Grand camp, full of ammonium nitrate fertilizers, destined for war torn Europe, was on fire. Ammonium nitrate is a highly dangerous and explosive material if it is unsafely used, the same material was used in Oklahoma bombing. Since the fires in the port weren't rare, unfortunately people weren't as alarmed as they should have been. On the contrary those who have noticed the reddish-orange and brown smoke were particularly attracted by the colorful fumes. Kids after school and neighboring pedestrians, rushed to the harbor to watch the fireman use their techniques to put out the fire. Even though that policeman blocked the road with two cars it didn't stop a crowd of more that 400 people assembling. In addition two airplanes with spectators circled in the sky. Previously, shortly after Grand camp docked at the port of Texas City there was smoke detected in No.4 hold where 880 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizers was stocked. Crew members attempted to put out the fire with half filled jug of drinking water and hand-held fire extinguishers. The first call to the fire department was only made half an hour later. The whole situation wasn't taken very seriously in the beginning. One of the officers from the ship that was docked about 200 yards away was even taking pictures of the whole scenario. The fire of Grand camp spread very rapidly and soon it was out of control. Soon 27 out of 50 volunteer fire fighters along with four engines of the Texas City Fire Department arrived at the scene. But there wasn't much they could do, by that time. As soon as the water from the fire hoses hit the hot deck it immediately evaporated. The vice president of the Texas City Terminal Railway phoned a close by chemical plant and asked one of the engineers if it was dangerous to burn ammonium nitrate.

Henry Cavendish: The Shy Scientist Essay -- Science, Biography

Henry Cavendish: The Shy Scientist Henry Cavendish was born October 10, 1731 in Nice, France. His mother, Lady Anne Grey was the daughter of the first Duke of Kent while his father Lord Charles Cavendish, was second Duke of Devonshire. His ancestry links back to many of the aristocratic families in Great Britain. The chemist/physicist is most accredited for the discovery of hydrogen, the â€Å"inflammable air† and measuring the Earth’s density, but he also researched and discovered many other important scientific revolutions. Henry was described as being a very silent and solitary individual. Many called him eccentric and some believe Asperger Syndrome was the root of his behavior. He was shy of strangers and especially shy of women, so much that he only conversed with his female servants by notes. At one point he had a back staircase added onto his house to avoid his housekeeper. This shyness did not allow him to have close or personal relationships to those outside of his family. He dressed from the previous century wearing an old faded velvet coat and a three-cornered hat. When he did talk he spoke in a squeaky voice and with difficulty. His single social outlet was his membership in the Royal Society Club, in which members dined together before their weekly meetings. Cavendish rarely missed these meetings and was highly respected by his colleagues. Although admired, those who sought his intelligence were often given a response of a mumble or a vacant reply as Cavendish dashed off to find a more peacef ul area. Henry Cavendish began attendance to the University of Cambridge in St. Pete’s College on November 24, 1749 at the age of 18. On February 23, 1753, four years later, he left the university without graduating. After ex... ... the church now named Derby Cathedral and was honored by having the road he lived on named after him. William Cavendish the 7th Duke of Devonshire, Henry Cavendish later relative, donated the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. Works Cited Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Henry Cavendish. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish; Dec. 1, 2011 Bruce Mattson. â€Å"Henry Cavendish 1731-1810†. History of Gas Chemistry. Updated September 25, 2001. Retrieved December 1, 2011 â€Å"Henry Cavendish†. Famous Scientists. http://www.famousscientists.org/henry-cavendish/. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2011 chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/HenryCavendish.html. Updated Oct. 30,1997. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2011 Eric Weisstein. â€Å"Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810†. Wolfram Research.1996-2007 Eric W. Weisstein. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Cavendish.html

A D-train Passenger Views Outside :: Land Beauty Essays

A D-train Passenger Views Outside The passenger realizes as the light of the sunset passes through the gaps in the skyscrapers that what he sees is good. The glittering reddish sky slowly disappears as the clouds fly; the train descends as the view passes by into the darkness of the underground. It is a scene most of us will encounter if we ever take the New York subway over the Manhattan Bridge at sunset. Many times I have seen this panorama, but it still does not fail to capture me, to draw me away from my book, and to the window. Then while the bridge-columns flash by the windows, in the gaps, like an old movie, the view unrolls in all its beauty. How did our ancient ancestors feel when they saw this spectacular sight? (I mean the â€Å"ancient† of a few decades ago.) I really can’t tell you, because I never was an ancient, and if I saw one, that is not one of the topics that we discussed. But I can tell you how a very intelligent modern man thinks of it. (That would be me. I am also very humble.) I feel that it is a wondrous sight, if you think about it. But only if you think about it. A being less cultured, in a specific way, would not regard the sight as beautiful, inspiring, wondrous, exalting or stupefying. He probably would not even know if those word s exist. He would probably say that it is, well, big. To him it is not necessarily beautiful. We can only understand that it must be beautiful since so much work was put into it, so many people contributed to it and built it, so many breakthroughs had to be achieved prior to the conception, that this site is the culmination of the millennia of human history and science that came before it. Now isn’t that inspiring? (It sure sounds inspiring if you ask me. It even has some pretty long words, so it better be inspiring.) I look at the unfolding view and, subliminally, I think of all the things mentioned above, and only then do I consider the view beautiful. The aforementioned â€Å"uncultured† being looks at it, and finds it â€Å"big†. In his essay â€Å"A First American Views His Land†, N. Scott Momaday tried to express the beauty of that land that he lived in, and the feelings he personally, and Native Americans in general, had toward that land.

Proposal for Reparations of African Americans Essay

During the mid 1950s to late 1960s African Americans started responding to the oppressive treatment shown to them by the majority of white people in the country. They responded to the segregation of blacks and whites during that time and the double standards the African Americans were held to. African Americans responded to their suppression by participating in boycotts, marches, sit-ins, and trying to get legislation passed so that they could overcome their degrading situation. They were successful in many of these actions and through them brought around more rights for African Americans. Boycotts were a major way that the African Americans got their voices and wants heard. The most famous boycott was probably the Montgomery Bus Boycott. After the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her seat to a white man, Martin Luther King Jr. , urged the people of Montgomery to boycott the bus system. African Americans didn’t want to be considered substandard to white people, and they didn’t want to be forced to be subservient to them on buses. They didn’t think it was fair that they had to sit in the back of buses and give up their seats to white people. As King put it, â€Å"[†¦] there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression† (King 347). Because African Americans were ready to do something to support their rights they followed King’s advice to â€Å" [†¦] work with grim and firm determination to gain justice on the buses in this city [through boycotting]† (King 348) The Montgomery bus boycott made the public transportation system realize how important African Americans were to the transportation system. The combined effect of loss of money and pressure from around the country created a victory for the African American Civil Rights movement. The boycott lasted 382 days, until the law allowing racial segregation on buses was lifted and white people and African-Americans were able to sit wherever they wished to on buses. There were also boycotts of businesses where the segregation of African Americans was still very prevalent. Many of these boycotts were successful. The boycotts caused enough financial difficulties that the segregated businesses either had to close or integrate. Diners where African Americans had to sit separate from white people or where African Americans weren’t served at all were boycotted against as well until that diner served African Americans and allowed them to sit wherever they wanted and with whomever they wanted. Diners also faced the difficulty of sit-ins if they refused to serve African Americans. In Greensboro, North Carolina, a black college student named Joseph McNeill was refused service at the counter of a restaurant. The next day he and three of his friends came and sat at the lunch counter waiting to be served. They weren’t served that day. The four of them returned to the lunch counter each day, but were never served. The students were aware each day that they came to the lunch counter that they would probably not be served, but â€Å"they were also aware that this form of nonviolent protest could be a powerful method in accomplishing the desegregation of lunch counters† (McElrath 1). Then, an article in the New York Times, brought notice to this sit-in and many other students joined in on the sit-in. This started a chain of sit-ins around the country to protest the ill-treatment of African-Americans. Despite many hardships, including being beaten and doused with Ammonia, more people kept showing up at these demonstrations. The sit-ins were effective in the fact that restaurants either served the African-Americans at the counter, or closed down. In one case a restaurant took out all of the chairs in the restaurant so that no one could be served anywhere, which ended up causing him to have to close down. In addition to sit-ins, there were also kneel-ins at churches where African-Americans were not allowed to worship due to race. Sit-ins and kneel-ins were very effective. As John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"[the protestors] have shown that the new way for Americans to stand up for their rights is to sit down† (Kennedy 1). Marches were also a prevalent way in which African Americans showed their discontent and fought out for their rights. Black leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. led marches on major cities, trying to voice their support of the Civil Rights movement. One of the first marches in support of Civil Rights was the protest march led by three ministers, including Martin Luther King Jr. , in Birmingham, Alabama. The march was met by policemen and dogs and the three ministers were put into jail. This was where King wrote his inspiring, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail,† which set forth the need for the non-violent protest against unjust laws. This call for non-violent protests was one of the major factors that induced people to take the path of non-violent protests in order to promote Civil Rights. Perhaps the most famous march in favor of Civil Rights was The March on Washington. Civil Rights leaders, Bayard Rustin and Philip Randolph, were the chief planners of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. They wanted â€Å"to embody in one gesture civil rights as well as national economic demands. † (Randolph 1). The march was held on August 28, 1963, and more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Washington Memorial to protest against the ill treatment of minorities, primarily African Americans, and to listen to many speakers, including Martin Luther King Jr. , who gave his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. The march had six official goals, but the major one was the passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the problems in Birmingham. The march gained its purpose, but not without much controversy and struggle. The African American voice could not be ignored though, and many advances for Civil Rights were gained through the March on Washington, a march that would â€Å"go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation† (King 1) Another very effective response to the degradation of African Americans was to try to get legislation passed. One of the landmark cases for Civil Rights was Brown v. Board of Education. This case over-turned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson which said that schools could be segregated as long as they were equal in education and facilities. Brown v. Board of Education explicitly said that there is no way that separate can be equal and that by having â€Å"separate but equal† schools, the government was blatantly ignoring the 14th amendment which states, â€Å"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State [†¦]deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (Congress 1). This court case caused the schools to be integrated, which was one of the first steps to racial equality. Another important ruling in the fight for Civil Rights was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that, â€Å"All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation [†¦] without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origins† (Congress 350) This meant that. African Americans couldn’t be turned down from jobs due solely to race, their voting rights couldn’t be taken into question due to race, and they couldn’t be denied service in any public facilities. This piece of legislation had a far reaching impact, and furthered along the Civil Rights movement. Another very important piece of legislation was the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This outlawed the use of literacy tests to determine the right to vote. This gave more African Americans the ability to vote and to have a say in the government that was ruling them. The ability to vote allowed African Americans to have a voice in government and to elect people that they thought would further their rights. The ability of African Americans to get legislation passed that supported their rights was a major step in the improvement of the treatment of African Americans and made it so that legally people could not discriminate against, segregate, or deny voting rights to them. The different responses of the African American Community, including boycotts, marches, sit-ins, and fighting for legislation, changed civil rights in the United States. The African Americans fought out against injustice, just as our founding fathers fought out against the injustice of the British. Their efforts helped create a more integrated and accepting society where race is not the only thing people see when looking at a person. Although the society today is not perfectly accepting of all races, society is much more accepting than it was half a century ago, and that is due largely to the African American movements in favor of Civil Rights. Works Cited â€Å"Brown v. Board of Education. † Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 2 Feb 2007 . â€Å"African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968). † Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 29 Jan 2007 . â€Å"Brief Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement (1954 – 1965). † Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement. 29 Jan 2007 . King, Martin Luther. â€Å"Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. Defends Seamstress Rosa Parks, 1955. † Major Problems in American History Volume II. Edited. Edited. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. â€Å"The March on Washington. † The Civil Rights Movement. 2 Feb 2007 . McElrath, Jessica. â€Å"African American History. † Lunch Counter Sit-Ins. About. 2 Feb 2007 .

How Far Do the Sources Suggest That James I’s Extravagance?

How far do the sources suggest that it was James I’s extravagant giving was the cause of his financial problems? On the face of it the sources seem to disagree on this issue. Sources ten and twelve seem to show that James’ extravagant giving was the cause of his financial problems however source eleven seems to show that it was not James’ extravagant giving that caused his financial problems.In source ten, ‘Matthew Hutton’ states that, â€Å"His Majesty’s subjects hear and fear that King James’ heroical and excellent nature is too inclined to giving† and that this will soon ‘exhaust the treasury of his kingdom’, thus implying that James’s extravagant nature was and will be the cause of his financial problems. This is further backed up by source twelve as it states that James ‘is very generous with his gifts’ and that ‘gifts to the scots are causing an incurable leak from the cistern, this is demonstrating how James’ extravagance is causing him financial trouble.Whereas on the face of it source eleven seems to disagree with the other two sources as it demonstrates how it was not James’ extravagance that was causing him financial trouble. In this source it states that payments to the king, for example taxes are not paid or collected and also ‘The Earl of Dorset’ goes on to say that the fact James I has a family is another reason for his financial trouble.Furthermore as this this is a letter from the ‘Lord Treasurer’ to ‘The Chancellor of the Exchequer’ this is the most reliable source about whether it was James’ extravagance that was causing him financial problems as between them they are the people who look after and maintain the treasury. However it can be argued that all three sources agree to a large extent that it was not James’ extravagant personality that caused his financial problems.Firstly in so urce twelve it does not specifically say that he is ‘extravagant’ also at the time it was written, 1604, James the I was not actually in debt and so this is not a very reliable source to find out whether James’ extravagance caused him financial problems. Source twelve can also back up the point that it was not James’ extravagant giving that caused him financial difficulty as it states that, â€Å"Parliament could replenish the treasury of his Majesty’ Treasury.This implies that it was parliament who caused James’ financial troubles as they did not give him the funds needed to suffice all of his needs, and so in order to negotiate with others he had to resort to giving as he was not given the money needed to create an army. Also, in source twelve the person who wrote the letter was not a part of the government and so this means that he would not have been that close to James to be able to judge whether he was an extravagant giver or not.This is backed up further by his statement, â€Å"I understand from common talk† thus implying that these are just rumours and so they are not a reliable source of information for the listener, in this case John More, and as the information was not reliable that makes the source not reliable. Furthermore, as source ten was written a few years before the rest it was not that reliable and this was further proved by the fact that it is written before the time that James ends up in debt.Therefore the sources, when taken together, show that it was not James I’s extravagant giving that caused his financial difficulties, but that there were a lot of contributing factors stated in source eleven which is the most reliable source and should therefore have the most weight put onto it. This is because the source is between the two leading members who are looking after James I’s money.And sources ten and twelve are not that reliable so they do have so much weight put onto them th us backing up further that it was not James’ extravagant personality as on the face of it that was they suggest but. But when the sources are looked at collectively they show that it was not James’ extravagant giving that caused him financial trouble. Brendon Head Word Count (686 words)

Peter Weir’s film ‘Dead Poets Society’ Essay

One of the major themes/ideas explored in the Dead Poets Society is that of freedom versus conformity. The theme of conformity is introduced in the very opening scenes of the film. Close-ups of the boys chanting in unison, all identically clad in their starched uniforms at a ceremony at Welton Academy, we see that they are conforming to the authority of the school. It is the new teacher Mr Keating who, through his unorthodox methods, encourages the boys to challenge this authority, and break free from the traditional, conservative ways of thinking that have been drilled into them at Welton Academy. He wants them to understand that there is more to life than obeying the orders of others, and in this way the film deals with Weir’s common theme – also explored in Witness and Gallipoli – the quest for personal freedom, and the oppressing effects of society’s institutions. He inspires them to â€Å"Maintain thoughts and beliefs in the face of conformity.† Keating wants them to become â€Å"free-thinkers†, but he is in a way contradicting himself as he forces his own beliefs and philosophy onto the impressionable students rather than letting them think for themselves. This theme of conformity is paralleled on a personal level in Neil’s relationship with his father. Mr. Perry wants the best possible future for his son, and therefore has almost impossible expectations of him. Neil, on the other hand, while always obedient to his father’s wishes, wants to know more about himself. Acting was something that Neil discovered he was not only good at and enjoyed, but was also in a sense an escape from his present reality as it allowed him to pretend to be someone else for a while. Mr Keating’s â€Å"carpe diem† (â€Å"seize the day†) attitude inspired Neil to disobey his father’s wishes by secretly starring in the school play. Neil’s challenging of his father’s authority had devastating consequences, as after a particularly vehement confrontation with him, finally Neil came to believe that the only way to obtain freedom was to take his own life. This final act of non-conformity was not something Mr. Keating would have advocated, but was Neil’s ultimate and desperate defiance towards his father, and a tragic  expression of his independence.

Modernization Theory and Classical Dependency Theory Essay

Modernization theory is the process of transforming from a traditional or underdeveloped society to a modern Western societies way of life. Basically, Modernization theory became the foundation stone of this evolutionary prescription for development. The theory is not homogeneous—numerous proponents disagreed on several key features. But in broad outline, the theory focused on deficiencies in the poorer countries and speculated about ways to overcome these deficiencies. It viewed traditional society as a series of negatives: stagnant and unchanging, not innovative, not profit-making, not progressing, not growing. Modernization is the economic growth within societies and the third world did not undergo these economic or political transformations; it was ‘left behind’. So the task of the Third World is to transform itself from tradition to modernity. That is, to follow the footsteps of the Western world. In fact, because the path is now charted, these countries can avoid the mistakes made by the West. On the other hand, Dependency is also not a homogeneous, unified theory—serious analytical differences persist within the school. Economic growth in advanced countries created Third World poverty in its wake: not simply that the Third World is poor in comparison with the industrialised world; rather that it is poor because development of the industrial system in Western Europe and North America changed and impoverished many societies of Asia, Africa and Latin America, through colonialism, imperialism and extractive terms of trade. When capitalism began to spread, the ceaseless search for profit began: through the production of agricultural goods in colonies or other lands, and Western Europe’s ability to drive unequal bargains. This fundamentally changed the social structures of the Third World. The term dependency comes from this link: Some say the exploitation of various regions for their raw materials and labour impoverished them and made them depend on the West. Others point out that in fact it is the other way around: that the West has been dependent on the Third World though history in order to be able to grow and prosper. Modernization theory sees capitalism as a creative force, causing growth and progress. Dependency sees international capitalism as the ruin of the Third World. Modernization sees rich countries as helpers of poor countries; dependency sees them as the main obstacle to the well-being of the poorer countries. Not all of dependency theorists’ prescriptions are anti-capitalism however: some see  some good in using capitalism and protectionism to enhance national economies. Both theories have point in terms on how develop these third world countries and address poverty. According to modernization perspective the causes of poverty are due to structural restraints placed on the third world by European powers. It describes the structural restraints as unequal exchange. The declining â€Å"terms of trade† as the price of exports from the third world are decreasing, while prices from developed countries are increasing. This effect creates a circular trap as wages in third world countries are low, which declines the export prices, while wages in richer countries a re increasing, which cause increases in the price of industrial goods. This means underdeveloped countries need to constantly increase their yields and exports for their profits to stay the same. On the other hand, dependency perspective argues that the causes of poverty in third world countries are due to their traditional cultures and values. These theories believe that in order to solve this problem poor countries can succeed through following the footsteps of developed countries. These would include invading other countries to. However, this is quite unachievable because we are now in modern time. In the case of the Philippines, I believe that we can achieve and become one of the develop countries. For example, iphone has a metal cover and iron to its internal body; the metal was produced through mining and exported to some countries. When it goes back it becomes iphone and it cost more expensive. In other words, the countries that produced metal and have limited technology are making those developed countries richer. Instead of exporting those products, utilized it within the country and profit more from it. Lack of technology is not the reason to depend in the western countries, impatient and being contented for what they have. They don’t think of the better things that they can have. The real essence of democr acy was turned off and forgot that it is the rule of the mob. If these theories are really applicable how come third world countries are still crapping and suffering from poverty. But it is very applicable it’s just happen that the attitude and the thinking of the people are different. Like what I have learned from Cuban people, people must change their way of thinking.

Aircraft materials and hardware Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Aircraft materials and hardware - Essay Example The choice of the right material for a particular overhaul job stresses understanding of the common physical and chemical properties of different metals. Another aspect of aircraft maintenance and repair is that aircraft hardware is frequently ignored since of the insignificant size of the parts. But, selection of right hardware for the use in aircraft is very vital for the efficient operation and safety of any aircraft. The goal of this essay is to emphasize the importance of material, its various process and hardware selection for the use in aircraft structures (faa.gov, ND). Introduction The earlier aircraft materials must refer timber as the first materials used to create a power-driven aircraft. The Wright brothers involved mainly of Sitka spruce and bamboo fastened and bolted together to make a canvas-covered assembly. Aircraft made by wooden material were very successful in the initial years of flying. Currently, timber is only fit for fairly small aircraft. As the requirement for larger aircraft became unavoidable for the modern society, materials with superior specific strength come to be essential. Currently airplane consists mainly of aluminum alloys with steel, titanium alloys and polymer compounds. The equilibrium of materials does rest on on the kind of airplane as military fighter airplanes have much higher amounts of composites and titanium alloys. In this essay more emphasize is given to aircraft materials and its different processes. Pure aluminum and Aluminum alloys Airplane must be made of material with lesser weight to carry more loads and to reduce fuel consumption. The more travelers an airplane can transport the more income an aircraft corporation can create. At the same time as pure aluminum have less weight, very good corrosion resistance and exceptional thermal and electrical conductivity but it is weak and ductile to be used on aircraft structure in its pure form. The credit goes to Dr. Alfred Wilma, a German metallurgist, who found out that aluminum alloyed with copper and heat treated properly can be made much sturdier. The alloy of aluminum with 4% copper is said to be Duralumin and the heat treatment procedure is termed as precipitation hardening. After this Duralumin have characteristically little specific gravity and great strength (450 MPa). Since it is restricted to a maximum amenity temperature of around 660Â °C supplementary heat treatable aluminum alloys have been developed for aircraft use. These comprise a variety of intricate aluminum-zinc alloys which improve the maximum strength of several aluminum alloys. These alloys have used for contemporary aircraft design in which the skin of the fuselage and wings are stressed aluminum alloy parts that lessen the total heaviness of the aircraft. The disadvantage of the aluminum alloys discussed above have a drawback of not being as corrosion resistant as compared to pure aluminum. Therefore a thin coating of pure aluminum is usually fused to either sides of the alloy and is called Alclad aluminum alloy. Even though titanium is very costly it is used where great strength is required in load bearing applications for example, landing gear and engine escalating supports

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Assignment 3 - Essay Example so one of the poorest states because almost 70% of its residents live on less than $2 per day (Lee 2).The Indian patent law draft, implemented in 2005 fully complies with standards of organizations such as TRIPS and WTO (Lee 2). The essay will shed more light on the Novartis AG’s patent issue with the Indian regime, whether drug companies should have multiple patents and if the court’s ruling was called for. In 2006, cancer patients, lawyers and non-governmental organizations convened at the Novartis offices in India, hailing the court’s move of rejecting Novartis’ case where the company had sued Indian patent offices for declining its application to manufacture Glivec drugs (Lee 6). This is because according to health official, by granting Novartis a patent, the drug would become expensive for many people not only in India but also in the entire world. Novartis’ move was not only an appeal against Indian patent offices but also aimed at TRIPS who according to Novartis have an incompatible and unconstitutional section 3(d), a statement that the high court refuted vehemently (Basheer & Reddy 5). Section 3(d), which according to the patents Act states that new substances ought to show greater efficacy to be patentable (Basheer & Reddy 5). Novartis on its part argues that the section be redrafted because some words such as â€Å"efficacy† are too general and ent ail clear definition for better understanding (Basheer & Reddy 5). According to researches so far conducted, Glivec is one of the best drugs ever manufactured by Novartis. Its main role is to treat Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a disease known to affect approximately 5,000 people in the United States annually (Lee 18). The drug works much better compared to others because it not only dissolves faster but also targets cancer proteins besides being ten times faster and effective (Lee 18). In 1993, Novartis applied for patents in many states globally but not in India because the nation’s 1970 Act

Development of European Science and Medicine Research Paper

Development of European Science and Medicine - Research Paper Example During early stages of this period Islamic philosophy, science and medicine was more advanced. Islamic scholars (Amber 357) both preserved and added their own innovations upon Ancient Greek and Roman traditions. The work of great researchers Aristotle, Ptolemy, Avicenna, Jabir ibn Hayyan and Averroes, backed by their contact with the Islamic world in Spain and access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts of the early 12th century opened the doors to academic awakening in Europe. Later, European scholars approached Toledo School of translators to initiate translation programs from Arabic to Latin and aided universities aiming development of scientific communities. The Black Death and other debacles in the late 12th century ended massive learning till it was resumed in 1453 after The Fall of Constantinople. 2. Impact of Science in Medieval Western Europe At the beginning of the 13th century (Late Middle Ages) intellectual translations of the important works related to science, natural p hilosophy and medicine were allowed to spread via both universities and monasteries. It was then, during the Renaissance period 14th century to 17th century that academicians presented the various facets of biological sciences (botany, anatomy, medicine) art, and culture. Invention of printing press in the same era found a way to fast printing of books and spread of ideas around Europe like never before, embarking a revolution in Science and Information Technology. Books namely, De humani corporis fabrica  (On the Workings of the Human Body) by  Andreas Vesalius, and  De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer  Nicolaus Copernicus, were first to be printed. Though the teachings of church dominated medicine, physicians focused on deepening their knowledge about human body by reading translations from Arabian medical texts. The first anatomical drawings made by Andreas Vesalius  and Leonardo Da Vinci after dissection of human body helped in understanding of the internal organs and various systems. The Church prevented medical researchers from dissection of ‘God fearing human bodies’, but allowed criminals and sinners to be dissected as a part of punishment either alive or dead. William Harvey’s experiments in 1628, theorized that the heart act as a muscular pump circulating blood around the body in the blood vessels. Thus understanding of the human body systems forged with the study of Arabic texts on medicinal value of herbs and minerals chalked out more advances in the field of scientific investigations. .The Renaissance apothecaries brought new plants from distant lands explored by Christopher Columbus and others and experimented with them. Apothecary is a historical name to an institution of modern pharmacists and medical practitioners; first apothecary shop was founded by Muslim Pharmacist during Islamic Golden Age and was popular in Spain by the 11th century (High Middle Ages). The work of apothecary in investigation of herbal and c hemical ingredients may be regarded as a precursor of modern sciences and medicine.Qninine extracted from bark of Quina tree was used in treatment of malaria; tobacco leaves were considered to be containing medicinal properties and an opium-based painkiller was prescribed for many disorders. Trade between different parts of the

Research Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research - Article Example Whereas it is oftentimes true that a certain level of correlation relates to a similar cause, the assumption that these two are mutually exclusive is oftentimes what leads individuals down the primrose path of expectation. For instance, the medical researcher must be keenly aware of the fact that a correlated trend between two or more groups is not significant enough to assume that a similar causation is responsible for their occurrence. Many scholars point to the fact that as drugs are tested on humans or animals, scholars oftentimes take note of unique similarities between the test groups. Oftentimes, a preliminary representation of these findings lends one to believe that joint causation must be exhibited. However, such an assumption is more often than not incorrect and should instead cause the researcher/healthcare professional to review the data and perform further tests prior to jumping to conclusions. Ultimately, the scientific method is predicated upon the ability of the researcher to test and prove that the findings are accurate, correct, and repeatable (Lee, 2012). An individual that works in a chicken processing plant may notice that ambient room temperature has an impact upon the overall shelf life of the chicken that is stored within the warehouse. In such a way, ambient temperature as an impact upon shelf life that shelf life does not have an impact upon ambient and stop in such a way that, the relationship is causal. By means of comparison and contrast, the relationship could be with respect to the overall exhibition of violence within a particular region as compared to the overall number of cell phone towers is not (Gelder, 2013). Whereas it may be true that a decreased number of cell phone towers are exhibited within areas that are less violent than others, the correlation does not equate to a causation of the actual reasons for this violence. Ultimately,

535 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

535 - Essay Example But, the site can only be as good as the vendors allow, if they do not have a suitable demo and papers on the site then the site is simply wasting time. Some vendors appear to want the manager looking at their own site which is OK if the manager knows they exist, I can imagine many managers would not have a clue though. Which is why there is a need for the comparison site and a re-think by vendors who do not allow people to see anything useful. The vendors who do have demos on the site vary; again I found it difficult to get a good comparison between SAP and Epicor for example. They both have demos but they were very different. The SAP site showed costs and ideas of the software but not a single screenshot of it in action. Epicor had a great demo which I think all the vendors should follow, it gave me a good idea of the software and how it works and I know I can contact them for more information and costs. So if they all did this then the comparison web site would be very useful to managers of a company and should help sales of the vendor’s products. The main complaint I have about the comparison web site itself is the number of times I had to register my details. The Hotmail account is loading with sales stuff which would irritate me as a busy

Individual Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Theories - Essay Example who commit crimes are aware of their actions’ legal consequences, or ought to have been aware, and this awareness forms the basis of understanding the reasons why some adolescents are still motivated to committing crimes while others are not. This is because there are a number of variables among adolescents, which are believed to influence involvement in crimes. One of the set of factors is social environment that includes an individual’s family, social systems, peer groups, and disruption of social factors. Psychological factors such as an adolescent’s â€Å"intellectual weakness, mental disease, characteristics of personality and emotional stability† as well as economic conditions around an adolescent have also been identified as factors towards adolescents’ crime (Sharma, 2004, p. 205). This, however, is a general and inaccurate perception because not all adolescents respond to their environmental conditions by engaging in crimes, some yield to a dverse conditions of these factors while others do not. As a result, adolescent’s motivation to crime primarily depends on an individual’s personality and not environmental factors. Some adolescents are therefore motivated to commit crimes because of their compromised personality traits while others, who may be facing similar environmental conditions, are not motivated to commit crime because of good personality traits (Sharma, 2004). High dependence on personality traits as an adolescent motivator to crime, as opposed to the teenagers’ environment is supported by individual theories such as psychodynamic theory and behavioral theory. Psychodynamic theory explains that motivation into crimes and other vices are facilitated by psychological instability among individuals that might have developed in the subjects’ early stages in life. Such instability may result from psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, leading to anxiety, fear, and abnormally abrupt reactions. An adolescent with a psychological