Aqa Food Anthology Essay Example for Free

Aqa Food Anthology EssayCompare two text editions from the Anthology, which present diverse views about what we should eat.Text 9 is a in the buffspaper name by posterior Torode on Why we should all eat red tenderness that vibrantly explores the issue of take in red meat and with a meat lover perspective fighting a passionate ground against the bad boy of British culture reputation meat has. John Torode is a well-known celebrity chef and his picture endorses the article with a sense of knowledge and character smiling for the culmination of his love of bitch. This article is scripted to reach out to the general public, more so to the health conscious and the skeptics to sway and guide through to a new way of thinking towards eating red meat and food in general. A genuinely similar single-valued function is seen end-to-end text 11, the Vegetarian Society websites Seven simple steps to going- and staying- vegetarian which puzzle to guide prospective vegetarians to the ultimatum of you are vegetarian through the occasion of enabling and reassuring lexis.In text 11 the text is clearly set out into 7 steps that are structured to coincide, following an order to which a structured plan flows like a timeline- building up confidence and experience to the commentator with the desired effect of easing them in to the direction of becoming vegetarians. This is approximately like an instruction manual and by the text being set in steps it is easy for the reader to digest. In comparison the structure of text 9 does not use bullet points but instead is presented in prose, which allows for invoice telling. Even though the texts are structured differently they are both until now informative, instructive and possibly persuasive.Language techniques are chosen carefully to ca-ca these types of texts. For instance, Torode uses narrative and inclusive wrangle. Torode begins by using first person pronouns When I first moved in his anecdote of his experiences with meat, this creates a individual(prenominal), colloquial effect more or less as if he is revealing himself to you making him more likeable and warm, and this is consistent throughout the text as he carries on telling us how hed been raised on the stuff making him face like a down to earth guy who the reader can connect with. posterior on in the article Torode employs inclusive language Why? Because we eat too much, in this example Torode withal uses rhetoric possibly with the shoot for of persuading as it makes the reader think and is a transition to his argument to why this is true. To end the article Torode slips back into the more personal first person reading much like the formalities of a conversation. There is a change of direction in the text from the anecdotal and friendly t one(a) to where he gets real and then back to real personal and reassuring- this is all formed to be persuasive as the personal address is comforting and the serious facts are utilise to fu rther persuade the reader.The Seven Steps lack some of the fore mentioned techniques. What can be seen instead is a third person narrative throughout the article, thus making it sound less personal but more instructive and informative. The writer uses a brisk selection of lexis making the sentences and whole clay of text shorter than text 9. Even though this text is significantly shorter it still manages to come across as concerned and helpful or borrow one from your local library, here its almost like a whisper as if the voice is matched to someone friendly doing you a favor.So even though text 11 is not as colloquial and expressive as text 9 it still uses language in a way that makes it seem slightly informal, neutral and relaxed for the effect of seeming reassuring and at that placefore persuasive. For example the personal caption under the picture of the woman also uses first person pronoun I gave up meat and even uses informal language such as veggie to seem relatable and als o down to earth- just like Torode is trying to sound. This is seen in both texts as a technique to warm to the reader and draw their interest.In text 9 we see a consistent use of expressive lexis which displays passion from the narrator as he tells us we ate platters of it and I loved it. He tells us about my love affair with beef using an array of adjectives (large, smoky, well marbled join of beef) and alliteration (succulent steak) to entice the readers imagination and glorify meat in support of his argument of Why we should all eat red meat. Combined with the use ofhyperballys and negative exaggeration (cholesterol overdose) when speaking of the opposing argument it radiates a consistent sense of passion backed up by authoritative facts. All in all creating a very impressive, persuasive argument.How the Vegetarian Societys Seven simple steps does try to persuade and guide the reader is quite different from the why we should all eat red meat article in terms of language use. As it is a step-by-step guide it doesnt include a personal story or emotive language like in Torodes article. Instead it uses imperatives and suggestions, (try something new) in every step and modal verbs throughout in a simplistic manner. Perhaps because it doesnt need to be as persuasive since it is aimed at the already prospective vegetarian and therefore it is not opinionated or overly patronizing in any way. The effect of this is that a calm tone is created and each step simply guides the reader- the persuasion is much more subtle.Whilst language is chosen to include and instruct it is also chosen to discriminate against the opposition to eliminate possible doubts and reassure the reader, this is used in both texts. In Torodes article he declares, Uninformed customers still worry that here it mocks those who worry about BSE and what it might do. A superior stance is taken here in order to persuade. In text 11 it is strikingly similar as it tells the reader dont be put off by ill- informed scare stories from people who know very little about their own health. Both of these bias declaratives are used to- once again- effectively comfort and assure the reader.Although not so inclusively as text 9, text 11 uses celebrity endorsement in the form of a picture of Sir Paul McCartney a musician and vegetarian society patron almost like a figure head that is encouragement for readers to think that it is more acceptable to follow the views of what we should eat according to them because these famous people do. The rhetorical inquiry posed by Sir Paul apparently, captioned below the picture is a touch to make the reader think, the words sound wise and are placed there to enliven such thoughts to the reader.This is also seen in text 9 towards the end of the article when Torode very personally tells us My family eatswhich he makes very personal even telling us his childrens names. Torode is using himself as a figure head to the views on what we should eat as after all he is this celebrity chef and if it is good enough for his family- it should be good for us?In conclusion the texts argue completely different views on what we should eat but the want effect on the reader is very similar and this is why there are similarities in the way the texts both try to persuade. They are both different types of texts and therefore the language, tone and techniques vary- text 9 uses a more personal and complex approach in the form of a personal narrative to persuade the reader and create an impressive argument, whilst text 9 is a much more simplistic and subtle informative text.They are both consistently persuasive and lead to the final purpose- of leading, encouraging and informing the reader through a set of steps or a structured narrative to a new view of what we as the reader should eat. Even though Text 9 is more opinionated both texts are still biased arguments with mainly the purpose of persuasion. I think both texts are very suited to their purpose and al though look and are different they interestingly use language for a very similar purpose.

Post Olympic Effects on Hospitality Industry Essay Example for Free

Post surpassing Effects on Hospitality Industry look forAim To identify the issues that the hospitality industry may be faced withpost surpassings 2012 and to recommendst sendgies to overcome the reduction in the business to hospitality organisations. Objectives 1. To weigh the opportunities in the hospitality industry during Olympic 2012 2. To evaluate the electrical shock of post Olympics 2012 on hospitality industry. 3. To recommend the strategies to the hospitality industry to survive post Olympic downf e very(prenominal) in business The capital of the United Kingdom Olympics is spending a huge amount of money for the Olympic Games and for their facilities. Preparing for the Olympics, hospitality industry reads to consider the push of tourists during the Olympics time and beyond. It involves the pre and post Olympic stays of the tourist. The hoteliers are creating a unique atmosphere and spending lots of money for the Olympics. Hospitality industry has challenges to r ecover all the money which they spend for Olympics, which depends on the strategies which they will use afterwards post Olympics. The Olympic Game is now becoming the more or less important event in the calendars of sport tourism and is also acting as a catalyst for the growth of a tourism destinations product.It is very important to watch the pre-games impact and contrasting them with post games results, researching the works of various authors on the same topics pulls up the threat of vast differences. It is very obvious that in that respect is essential need for more rigorous and standardized industry method to reduce the differences to minimum. The reports of DCMS suggests that there is an inadequate attention and underestimation of importance is being paid to what could be the most important period of all that is the post Olympic period and there is also an overall omiting in understanding the behavior of Olympic tourists.It is very vital to evaluate the post games impact of Olympics on Hospitality as a great deal of money and time is invested into predicting the impacts of the games, the Games suffer from a lack of ex-post analysis. London 2012 will provide an fortune for UK to generate extra tax income as sport tourism is now considered to be in the introduction variant to the tourism product lifecycle, London now has achieved the determine which could help to maintain a unique competitive advantage through tailoring the product to the coetaneous tourists.London 2012 Olymdspic Games prognosticate Britains aims to use heathenish and sporting activities to improve the quality of life, support the pursuit of excellence, creative and leisure industries, and prizewinning the tourism. It will also track progress, monitor and implement as follows BHA will work towards a new tourism growth target for 2008-11, and later a further target for 2012-15, and monitor progress towards those targets. The Strategy will be to maximize the legacy through effec tive post-games marketing and make London and Britain must see destinations.DCMS, Visit Britain and Visit London published Winning in 2007 after consulting the local tourism agencies and tourism industry, Visit Britain (2011). Wining is the revised document emerged after consultation and its envisaged programmed will run until 2017. It was an enviable task to write a outline that would embrace the whole of UK, yet accurate to make the most of the opportunity provided by the London 2012 games . The document also mentions more specific targets and aspirations, as in how through tourism extra revenue will be generated victimisation London 2012 games.For example, it showcases an explicit objective that would help in reversing the decline in domestic overnight stays which explains lack of interests or attention on cultural tourism. Although they mentioned about new festivals, the desire to imitate Australia which achieved success by utilizing the 2000 games and contributed extra thirt y percent through cultural activities in international tourist friendship and the cultural Olympiad. Can these aims prove feasible/how realistic they mint be?A strategy called Winning was published in the year 2007 which was supported by researchers and prominent economist from UK, who claim that the London 2012 Olympics can unveil an opportunity to UK to add ? 2. 1 billion additional revenue to the overall tourism benefits. The substantial economic bequest written is, there will be a dramatic append in the number of tourist spending, which is merely supported or justified with the aid of their positive projection. The accent on estimated revenue by tourism as a vital monetary consequence of the event allows an charitable negation.The interferenceism policy is also being marginalized in organizational structures and strategy scaffolds of broader Olympic development. Visit Britain and Visit London is supposeing that amid 50-70% of the net economic clams of organizing the gam es measures over 7-10 year period will amass through tourism. These forecasts are a result of ex- ante monetary collision analysis which is reputably unpredictable. (Kronbalatt, 2006) and (Crompton, 1995) then suggest vigilance when taking into account such tourism projection for Olympic profits.By developing three estimates of its most probable effects (Blake, 2005) licence the vague economic results of the Olympic Games. The central case suggests that there can be an increase of 1. 5% to the UKs tourism amid 2012 and 2016. However possible consequences can range amid a probable decrease by 4% or increase in 7%. To ascertain the correctness of these forecasts, the report also contains shipway on how to observe the effects. The only facet that initiates concern is that being so close to the event, the UK had failed to nurture an initiates in the earlier part as Sydney did.Winning, a strategy which was published in 2007 is supported by suggestions from economists, researches a nd postulates that the 2012 games will provide them an opportunity to generate ? 2. 1 billion in additional tourism benefits (DCMS, 2007, p. 17). The main actual economic legacy of the games will be an increase in the number of visitors spending is justified with the help of their optimistic projection. The emphasis on Tourism revenue as the key economic outcome of the games allows an interesting contradiction.Tourism policy has been marginalized both in the organizational structures and policy framework of wider Olympic planning. Visit Britain and Visit London is estimating that between 50-70% of the net economic benefits of staging the event measured over 7-10 year period will accrue through tourism. Such forecast are the outcome of ex-ante economic impact analyses which are notoriously unreliable (Crompton, 1995). Kornblatt (2006) certainly recommends caution when considering the tourism projections of Olympic benefits.These positions are reaffirmed by academic analyses. By deve loping three estimates of its likely effects (Blake, 2005) acknowledged the uncertain economic outcomes of the 2012 games. According to Blakes Central Case, the most likely outcome is that there can be an increase in tourism to the UK of 1. 5% between 2012 and 2016. However, Blake also suggests that the effects could range between a reduction of 4% and an increase of 7%. To establish the accuracy of these forecasts, the report also includes measures on how to monitor the effects.The only aspect that initiates worries is that, being so close to the games, the UK does not almost have any initiatives similar to that of Sydney, where effects of longitudinal tourism were monitored by groups that began working closely before the 2000 games and which included a strong representation from the academic community ( e. g. , see Faulkner et al. ,2001). To recommend the strategies to the hospitality industry to survive post Olympics downfall in business According to a stark warning from the Eur opean Tour Operators Association issued for the start of British Tourism Week LONDON tourism is running away from the U.K. rather than toward it. The main concern was the shortage of availability of hotel quadriceps femoris at reasonable market rates in London during Olympics period. ETOAs Executive director, Tom Jenkins had said that the European tour operators are most relate that the U. K. in general is underperforming on the worldwide tourism market, citing a 105% U. K. 10-year growth figure compared to 130% growth in European tourism and 195% worldwide. On the other hand along with raising problems with the taxation system and the complications and restrictions imposed with getting a U.K visa, Jenkins also highlighted a core postulated that London will have bonanza year for business in 2012 as leading to overpricing and a potential pre- and post-Olympics crater in the hotel market. He also warned this Olympic effect could have much longer lasting implications. According to t he research made by us we would recommend the following strategies for the issues UK hoteliers should be able to position themselves for the London Olympics Hoteliers need to consider the before and after impact of visitors coming for the Olympics or arranging the vacation holidays around the time of the event.They need to consider the impact of the event itself. It should be mainly focused in terms of occupancy and rate and most of the hotels should have sophisticated models in place to deal with these issues smith and Stevenson (2009) . London hoteliers should incorporate Olympics related ideas into their packages The hoteliers should use the occasion to create a unique atmosphere. It is important that all the UK hotels recognizes that it will have to step up to the domicile and offer a world-class welcome to what could possibly be completely new inbound markets Gibson (2010).Improving customer service People expect outdo service when they come to visit the country for the Olym pics. In this situation many skilled workers are required for providing a good experience for the visitors. The hotels must usage sufficient staff, as well as well trained chef to work flexibly and must be able to cope up the pressure. They should employ quite a little who will welcome the visitors in a helpful manner and in a professional way. They should also have good language skills as well as they must be aware of disability requirements and other cultural ideas, Red White and Blacks (2011).Need to increase accessibility The Paralympics games are going to pull nearly 4,500 athletes, the tourism business must strive to provide reliable information about accessible facilities and must understand the need of the visitors mainly the disabled people. They should explore the possibility of the research of the effectiveness of disability awareness training in the tourism industry. They should also consider the disability training as a part of gold standard customer service workImp rove skills and retention of the staff For the last two years more than half of the managers do not have minimum management qualifications. There is a severe shortage of skilled chefs. The main backdrop of the hospitality industry is high rate of staff turnover which costs approximately ? 1 billion each year. The employers should freeze for the qualification reform while recruiting new staffs. The industry must check more for employee benefits as well to retain the employees Kirkup Major (2006) Bibliography

Culture Led Regeneration Focuses On Tourism Essay

Culture Led re impertinentlyal Focuses On Tourism EssayIntroductionThe contain of this chapter is to provide a framework for the basis of this study, discussing the key matters and forward motiones in finish-led revolution whilst examining its functionality within a wider context. It is essential to discuss flagship maturations, the common realm, urban blueprint principles and planning polity as part of the place devising process. Images of the make environment employ within place promotion strategies often add pass judgment by increasing consumption within a metropolis. The following attempts to synthesise literatures from the fields of culture, regeneration, urban design, type of place, place image and the globe realm thus providing a coherent framework for later analysis. It is these overarching concepts which remain interlinked in creating better places where populate want to live work and subsequently invest. set out One RegenerationCulture-led RegenerationTh e term culture-led regeneration has break a part of the planning and development vocabulary and has been seen as organism of increasing importance from the beginning of the 1990s, since which arts and culture have come to be seen as a key resource for urban regeneration (Griffiths et al, 2003 154) with two increased focus and funding opportunities.The Department for Culture, Media and sportswoman (DCMS) commissioned a report entitled The Contribution of Culture to Regeneration in the UK which defined regeneration as breathing impertinent life and invigoration into an ailing community, industry and areas bringing sustain commensurate, long-terms improvements to local grapheme of life (20044).Culture-led regeneration focuses on using culture and heathen activity as a atom smasher and engine for regeneration activity. Within the scope of this study much(prenominal)(prenominal) cultural activity will focus on the part and design of both creates and the reclamations of open u p space including their electrical shock and use. practically these activities are use within place rebranding strategies (Evans and Shaw 2004). Specifically this form of regeneration goat be considered finished and through many types of preparation including architecture, heritage buildings, festivals, events and the performing arts (Smith, 2006). There are numerous approaches towards achieving culture-led regeneration including production and consumption based strategies (Bianchini, 1993), as illustrated in run across X.Culture-led regeneration has been used extensively within Europe (Gomez, 1988 Keating and De Frantz, 2004 Miles, 2005) from the beginning of the 1990s as a strategy for regenerating cities that have suffered from neighborly and frugal decline through de-industrialisation. Whilst such strategies have been successful throughout Europe, un indisputablely remains regarding their long-term benefits (Kavaratzis and Ashprice, 2006). Various studies have been cond ucted into the effects and clashings of culture on regeneration as outlined in Table X within the context of this study. Culture-led regeneration initiatives have been implemented aimed towards adopting a new place image (Doucet, 2007). The shift towards a globalised economy has resulted in increased competitiveness, recognising that cities must complete of a global scale to quarter inward enthronisation funds. following(a) deindustrialisation civic institutions have adopted culture-led regeneration initiatives as a tool which tornados distinctive wider stinting benefit by not only stimulating economical growth however aiming towards addressing negative market externalities and mixer problems (Jones and Evans, 2008). Keating and De Frantz (2004190) add In a crowded international market, it nooky mark the urban center as distinct, giving it a brand image. This can indirectly promote its economic competitiveness by increasing its position in the fictitious character-life i ndexes of international enthronisation ranking. It may also have a psychological effect within the city, building self-confidence and civic pride among the population and even boosting optimism among investors. The billet of art and culture is strong within economic development and place- trade strategies as the wider cultural offer of a city formulates a key component of re-imaging and the creation of distinctive places. This often results in extensive urban development based upon consumption with individuals being attracted by the synergy formed by cultural facilities and surrounding mixed-use development (Snedcof, 1985).Figure XTable X adverts of Culture on Regeneration tangibleEconomicCulturalEnhanced identity and place imageInward investment emergenced cultural understandingAesthetic and environmental improvements through architecture, public art and public realmTourism and increased visitor spendingPromoting participation within the artsIncreased design qualityIncreased who le toneEnhanced creativity and visionIncreased use of public open spaceIncreased topographic point valueEnhanced cultural upbeat apply of redundant buildings/ increased occupancy of vacant landEmployer retentionSustainable development(Adapted from Evans and Shaw, 2004 Landry et al, 1993)A elusion study on the Newcastle Gateshead found that there were social and community benefits of culture-led regeneration including increased numbers of local residents attending cultural institutions and an increased number of residents feeling that the arts had played a valuable role in their lives. Furthermore culture-led regeneration within the area has aided in restoring local individuals identities in accessory to improving the fabric and culture within the city. Bailey et al (2004), argue that culture-led regeneration provides a framework enabling local people can to re-establish ownership of their own sense of place and space. Thus, culture is a full of life aspect of mediating and arti culating community need (Evans, 2005 959), as can be seen that one of the potential effects of culture-led regeneration is verificatory social impress in addition to economic stabilisation (see Figure X for examples).Major events are seen as a particularly effective catalyst for city regeneration processes because they are able to merge tourism strategies with urban planning and can boost the confidence and pride of the local community (Garcia, 2004 104)The arts are a catalyst for regeneration, a magnet for tourism and crease, enhance the visual quality of a citys environment and provide a focus for community and individual development (Miles, 2005 896)Figure X examples of social bear upons in culture-led regenerationFlagship Development PhenomenonOver past decades the role of the government has essentially qualifyd from functioning as city managers providing frontline public services, to policies focusing on globalisation (Doucet, 2007). Accordingly transforming into more dive rsified economies adopting entrepreneurial practices as a result of ideological shifts within government policies promoting growth and development. In order to pucker investment and create job opportunities within this ever competitive economy, there has been an increased focus and awareness of consumption factors, such as quality of life, amenities, the built environment, cultural and social facts (Healy et al, 1992). Flagship developments are often used to produce euphoria, a sense of civic pride and success amongst the local population.Flagship developments are considered a representation for economic growth and further catalytic effects such as bringing derelict space back into an economic use. Flagship developments are often launched alongside rebranding or marketing strategies with the aim of changing place image towards a dynamic and creative vision, thus attracting individuals and increasing potential footfall. Flagship developments are often determine in high-profile b illets such as central business districts (Healy et al 1992). The Bilbao region of northern Spain is often cited as a successful example of a flagship development and is known as the Guggenheim Effect having created many ripple effects across the region.Critiques of Flagship DevelopmentsDoucet (2007) notes the foremost criticism is that of conflicting visions of the city from those of the policy makers and promoters to those of the local population. Thus the head teacher arises as to who are flagships designed for, the residents or outsiders?Often flagships developments follow themes and patterns duplicated from previously successful projects which lead to a cookie-cutter effect (Doucet, 2007). Many flagship developments have become franchised and replicated in both appearance and form throughout the world, which subsequently affects their impact. For example it is evident that many flagship museums are becoming franchised diminishing originality and their unique selling positions (Harvey, 1989).Impact MeasurementThe term impact is used in relation to the contribution or role or importance of culture-led regeneration. Table X below set the different environmental and economic impact measurements and their associated tests (DCMS 2004)Table X Impact MeasurementEnvironmentalLand values and occupancy (versus vacant premise/voids), design quality, environmental/quality of life.TestsQuality of Life (ODPMs local quality of life indicators), Design Quality Indicators (DQI CABE/CIC), Re-use of brownfield landEconomicMultipliers (jobs, income/expenditure direct, indirect, induced), cost benefit analysis, possible valuation (i.e. willingness to pay for free activities such as parks, museums, libraries), inward investment and leverage, distributive effectsTestsEmployment/unemployment rates, income/spending and wealth in an area, and distribution by social group and location, employer location, public- nonpublic leverage, footfall.Place MarketingImage profile strategi es may assist in tackling issues around depravation and unemployment in addition to indirectly increasing its economic position hypothecateed in the quality of life, the creation of a distinctive sense of place and psychological effects such as implementing civic pride and a shift of perceptions. Generically through UR the rebranding of a place follows through the design and construction of the built environment. Additionally the use of high profile projects in familiarity with tourism and cultural policies promotes a positive place image in order to adapt the status of the city, its local economy and attract inward business investment as suggested by Stevenson (2003). There seems to be a growing importance in the role of economic development and the adoption of place marketing and re-imaging will assist in distinguishing a place from its competing locations. Bramwell and Rawding (1996) discuss the repositioning of a place within a better market sector with the new brand communica ting that alternative service range offers are available to investors, businesses and individuals.The phrase renaissance defines a new approach to regeneration based on the quality of place, an understanding that the design and delivery of high-quality public spaces and the built environment will raise aspirations and contribute to a higher and more sustainable operate aim of economic wellbeing. The function of the programme is to facilitate the renaissance of underperforming places and maximise its strengths. The aim is to help places develop and prosper, both in physical and economic terms.Part both Public RealmA Case for Public Realm and Place QualityThe type of investment that comprises public realm is varied and often detail to a particular location. Within a city centre context the range of interventions can cover mixed use developments with a focus on full-bloodeds, waterside development combined with good urban design features which include improving connectivity and su pporting green space. The approaches adopted can be led by the type of commercial use be it retail, cultural or indeed office development led.The definition of quality of place can be broadly draw as the range of factors which contribute to the attractiveness and functionality of a locality as a place to live, work, invest or visit. Investment that supports the development of high quality places is by and large recognised as helping to improve economic motion. This particular view has influenced the place agenda over the past decade and this is now liberately evident in public policy. Good examples of this shift in policy include the CLGs Total Place concept and the approach being adopted by the HCA to area based development. CABE have long argued the importance of quality places in defining successful places.Economic BenefitsVarious research studies undertaken over the last 10 years have sought to examine the impact of design quality on local areas and businesses. CABE (2002) draws together the findings of key research from the UK and abroad showing how investment in good design generates economic and social value. Collectively the studies provide curtilage of the value of design in the areas of civic pride and cultural activity, business, housing, educational environments, crime prevention and social wellbeing. CABE (2004) highlighted the importance of public realm and public spaces to the competitiveness of an area.Whitehead et al (2006) sought to follow up on the to begin with qualitative findings (such as the work by CABE) to quantify measures of change in business performance brought about by urban quality improvements (for example, studies that looked at willingness to pay, impact on property values and rents, turnover, footfall or other quantifiable forms of impact). Whitehead et al (2006) examined whether improvements in the urban environment (which might be achieved through pedestrianisation or public realm improvements) affect business locati on decisions. The central question posed was to establish the value to office or retail businesses of positioning in enhanced urban spaces, reviewing more than 700 different studies.Table X below summarises the quantifiable evidence found by the Panel. It indicates the range and mean value for key commercial metrics such as footfall and turnover and retail and office rental premiums observed from the investment made.Table X (Whitehead et al 2006)ActivityType of improvementNumber of casesHeadline values (Mean)Retail footfallPedestrianisation1020% 40% (32.3%)Retail turnover2210% 25% (17.0%)Retail rents42010% 30% (21.7%)Office rentsWaterfront improvement/ other water feature1015% 35% (24.2%)Commercial property values can also benefit from the presence of quality public realm and environs. In principle, higher landscape quality will help to make sites and premises easier to sell or let and help retain occupants, with near studies suggesting that some occupants value landscape qual ity more highly than others to the extent that they are prepared to pay a higher than add up rent for premises located in an area of high landscape quality (South Yorkshire Forest et al, 2008). Land and property values are a useful proxy measure for the relative prosperity and attractiveness of a community, neighbourhood or place. Property values reflect a basket of factors, including for example transport links, proximity to employment and local services, as well as environmental quality.The public realm theory of change model brings together the evidence base in terms of activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts in mapping the economic benefits of public realm investment (EMDA/ECOTEC 2007). Figure X provides a schematic of the public realm theory of change model.In the centre of the framework are the reasons why public realm investment brings about economic benefits summarised around six economic benefit streams1. Attracting business2. Increasing land / property values3. Attract ing visitors4. Increasing tourism5. Improving productiveness and6. Enhancing image.The theory is that the quality of the location is enhanced by public realm and this changes the behaviours of investors, business and visitors, leading to increased positive outcomes including increased business activity, visitor expenditure, secondary business activity, productivity and an overall enhanced image for the area. Ultimately this improves the overall investment climate for a location and employment opportunities, impacting on high level outcomes including the sustainability of communities and economic competitiveness.Figure X Public Realm Theory of Change Model.Case Study EvidenceIn evaluating the impact of public realm there has been a strong emphasis on using area based case studies. Such case studies have tended to focus on qualitative opinions, although increasingly they have used survey approaches to help assess the relative contribution of public realm investment. Table X summaris es a number of case studies.The case studies illustrate that public realm is reported by stakeholders as having an economic impact. Businesses across a range of studies report that public realm investment improves the performance of existing enterprises and influences new investment decisions. This is due to the way in which public realm impacts on increasing the attractiveness of an area, increasing footfall leading to increased consumers expenditure or improves the image of an area leading to new employment generation activity.The public realm is a secondary factor in the location decision qualification of inward investors in the East Midlands (EMDA/ECOTEC 2007). This was viewed as being due to the nature of inward investment decisions and the multiple factors that influence location. Moreover, it has been noted that there is little ample evidence from property market stakeholders to demonstrate the economic and regeneration impacts of investment in the public realm, but anecdot al evidence point to a positive relationship.A more general point relates to the context for public realm investment being made. The case study evidence suggests that whilst public realm projects can be successful in their own right, they need to be part of a wider regeneration programme to contribute towards the economic revival and sustainability of an area. What the case studies generally provide is a strong signal from businesses that there is a causal relationship between public realm investment and economic performance and the mechanisms for economic impacts. What is less clear is the relative contribution of public realm to observed overall changes.Table X Summary of selected case studies on the economic benefits of public realm sourceCase StudiesContextInvestmentQualitative ImpactsQuantitative ImpactsBirmingham Victoria SquarePublic square flanked by most established civic buildings3.7m as part of 6.5m package of worksRestriction of traffic flows helped increase pedestrian f lows, space for formal and informal activity, events attracts visitors.No assessmentBristol Queen SquareIncrease in property values of 15% which in part can be attributed to the public realm.Coventry city centrePoor quality city centre environmentRange of public realm works incorporatedUrban design improvements in the city centre, including signage, public art and civic square improvements have been cited as leading to a 25% increase in footfall on Saturdays footnoteTorbay WaterfrontWaterfront investment in public realmThe public investment was recognised by businesses as important in influencing their investment decisions and increased trade footnoteBased on waterfront business surveys and interviews was able to attribute on average some 20% of private sector investment to the waterfront public realm investment. Key retailers had noticed increased footfall as a benefit and some 10% of investment was attributed by the evaluators to the public realm investment.WhitbyTown centre publi c realm worksStudy reported an increase of 35% in visitors as a result of the public realm works. This analysis was based on a visitor survey which asked whether the public realm has influenced the decision to visit.Part Three Policy and Investment RationaleCultural Planning RationaleMost culture-led regeneration has been implemented through cultural policy (Vickery 2000) with the rule of achieving both social and political agendas. During the 1980s the use of cultural policy shifted towards an economic and physical regeneration mechanism (Garcia, 2004 McGuigan, 2005), and was known as cultural economic policy Kong (2000). Cultural policy has been used to create a sense of national identity through a cultural renaissance based on earlier on achieving economic benefits (Lee, 2004). There are variant policy levels which aim to support both production and consumption based strategies (Simonin 2003).The DCMS made it a non-statutory prerequisite for the local authorities in England t o produce a local cultural strategy to promote cultural well-being (DCMS 20005) which resulted in a high take up. A DCMS report entitled Culture at the Heart of Regeneration outlined the economic and social benefits of culture and recommended policy improvements to ensure that culture is firmly embedded in regeneration from the very beginning (DCMS,20045), not just as an after-view.Cultural planning is defined as the strategic use of cultural resources for the integrated development of cities, regions and countries (Evans, 20017), and is the means for which culture to be considered in all processes relating to planning and development (Mercer, 2002). It is promoted by academics, as an alternative to traditional cultural policies (Evans, 2001 Garcia, 2004 Bianchini, 1993). This approach promotes an understanding of cities as cultural entities (Bianchini, 1993212) and incorporates cultural policies with other sectors, such as planning (Lutz, 2006).Public Realm Investment RationaleThe public policy rationale for investing in public realm has become increasingly well documented in recent years. Public places that help to inspire, delight and attract people are now firmly recognised as one of the wellsprings of prosperity. Indeed, good quality public realm has become increasingly central to urban regeneration policy decisions. The case is well articulated by CABE (20034) A high quality public environment can have a significant impact on the economic life of urban centres and is an essential part of any successful regeneration strategy. As towns increasingly compete with one another to attract investment, the presence of good parks, squares, gardens and other public spaces becomes a vital business and marketing tool. Companies are attracted to locations that offer well-designed, well-managed public places and these in turn attract customers, employees and services.It is worth noting the words of the American urban designer Alexander Garvin who wrote Urban planning should be defined as public action that will produce a sustained and widespread private market reaction (Gallacher 200511). That is to say if any new public space is not designed without some conscious thought given to increasing human activity and exchange, as well as adding to the economic value of local neighbourhoods and facilities, then it is possible to fail. The urban competitiveness snarl outlined in the late 1990s introduced the concept that high quality public realm was an important factor in determining economic performance (Begg, 1999). The study highlighted that a high quality pedestrian environment and public realm was an essential component of creating the right environment for business.The linkages between local environmental quality and economic performance determined that public realm could have an influence through (i) stimulating the local economy through increasing private sector returns, (ii) have a positive impact on perceptions of the area, and (iii) may ret ain and attract workers to an area where there is easy access to employment centres (Frontier economics Ltd, 2004).Public realm investment is recognised as integral to the functioning of quality places. Buchanan (2008) concluded a three year evaluation project capturing the impact of quality of place investments across the North East region (these include a range of investments in cultural facilities, streetscapes, parks and other public realm). This has focused closely on the impact of quality places on economic performance and has highlighted the contribution of public realm to the mix of elements that help make a location successful.Figure X overleaf illustrates the mix of attributes that make for good locations and quality of place identified in the study. Buchanans analysis concluded that quality of place investments can make a positive contribution to regional economic performance in four areas in particularattracting and retaining knowledge workersimproving productivity thr ough enhanced densityincreasing labour force participation, andgrowing the tourism and culture economyThe study identifies a broad approach to the assessment of the impact of quality of place, covering the assessment of economic change, property values and land prices, perception change and a physical quality assessment. The physical quality assessment used a number of survey tools as outlines in Figure X below.Figure XFigure X Economic competitiveness and quality of place (Buchanan, 2008)Over time public and urban realm investment has featured more strongly in order to underpin overall investment strategies. Industrialisation in the urban centres led to expansion, but de industrialisation later led to decline. The decline of many of the town and city centres was accompanied by social and physical degeneration, worsened by urban sprawl, including the emergence of out-of town shopping. The urban cores became places more likely to hinder, rather than promote, economic growth. The shee r scale of the problem, and a insufficiency of resources, condemned to failure previous approaches of quick-fix and piecemeal interventions (in this case Sheffield).Within cultural planning policy and economic strategy the importance of public realm is in making great places and delivering more competitive locations. They serve as an attraction for people, businesses and visitors. They become places where people want to visit, live, work and invest. They offer better lifestyles. They are more likely to attract people who have more choices in life, with higher levels of income, education and skills. They attract new, knowledge-based sectors. The process of place-making helps to overcome exclusion, empowering local people and raising their levels of aspiration and ambition.The case for public sector investment in public realm is firmly grounded in a belief that it is a key contributor to the economic well-being and competitiveness of an area. There is a general body of evidence that recognises the importance of quality of place and public realm in attracting and retaining business, skilled people and visitors. From the evidence it is also clear that there are many factors that contribute to the quality of a particular location and therefore the attractiveness of a location to residents, businesses and visitors.Often a public realm strategy is just part of an overall investment strategy to improve the quality of a town or city centre environment the best are often described by investors or developers where they can see that action is being taken to improve a town or citys environment across sectors whether this be efforts to improve the town or citys retail, leisure, office, or residential offer, supported by a strong and clear masterplan and strong public sector governance. Together these factors appear to come together to improve the overall quality of a place, and a location that will boost private sector investment. The challenge appears to be in disentan gling the specific contribution of the public realm investment.Part Four ValidityLiterature ValidityFollowing an extensive literature review process it is vital to correspondingly consider the validity of such sources of literature. It remains essential for critical analysis and evaluation of certain aspects including the tone and style echoed within the literature in addition to the purpose for which it has been written. By undertaking effective and thorough research from a variety of quality key texts this enables the researcher to gain depth of knowledge and an understanding of the topic area. The adopted systematic approach to underpinning this literature review has enabled a variety of sources such as internet data, books, journals and reports for data collection, analysis generation and interpretation.A widespread of government agendas, initiatives, policies and strategy report documents have been reviewed. Refereed scholarly journal articles have been considered from various respected sources, authors and academic institutions which have been written for the purposes of professionals, academics and students within the field of the built environment. Additionally, internet data and books have presented mixed views which remain valid for use within this study. Therefore, bias or alternative influences remain few, subsequently forming reliable and valuable sources of information which have been executed with a critical approach for the purposes of this study.

English Literature The Nuns Priests Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer

English Literature The nun buoys Priests recital by Geoffrey ChaucerThe Nuns Priests Tale by Geoffrey ChaucerThe engagement of animals in the narratives The Nuns Priests Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer and The Company of Wolves by Angela Carter allows the reader to further understand the meaning that the composer has created within the text. The Nuns Priests Tale is an example of Chaucer testing the bounds of a beast fable genre. Beast fable is a tale where animals argon used as embodiments or caricatures of human virtues, vices, prudences, and follies and other typical qualities of mankind. (Coghill Tolkien 12). The Company of Wolves is the reconstruction of the folktale Little Red Riding Hood. The female constitution in the narrative ends up in the wolfs arms instead of his stomach contradictory to the fairy tale which challenges the narrative of masculine desire. With these examples we can clearly affect the animal influence within these texts.Geoffrey Chaucer was an English auth or who wrote many works, he is best remembered for his frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. The Nuns Priests Tale is a part of The Cantebury Tales which tells a tale of an old woman who had a small farm in which she kept animals, including a rooster named Chantecleer. Chantecleer had seven hens as his companions, the most honored of which was Pertelote. Chantecleer does indeed represent abstarct ideas and represents them in a way the is subtle, changing and often ironic Chantecleer himself never becomes a mere abstraction. He is a very engaging creation in a very real world ( Stephen Coote 52). The idea of a rooster existence able to hold such(prenominal) qualities those of human beings, reinforces Chaucers poem as a particlar form of comic wisdom (Coote 33), through the use of barnyard animals. The poem begins with the romance between Chantecleer and Pertelote. Romance being a genre usually featuring noble knights and their ladies, evokes the comical view of such heroic traditi ons with the use of animals. Chantecleers first introduction is that In all the land, at gasconade hed no peer (Geoffrey Chaucer 203). In this context, the description of Chantecleer evokes humor at the heroic traditions of that time on two counts. One is that crowing (203) is not a heroic form and secondly that it is not particularly surprising that he does it well seeing as though he is a rooster, and that it is naturally what they do. The rooster is then described from his comb (203) right down to his nails with the colours of flowers and jewels. This is very strange when it is applied to Chantecleer, as this method is usually employ when describing a beautiful woman. Ironically this description of Chantecleer fits perfectly, reminding us of the swaggering beauty of this animal.

History of Foreign and Security Policy

History of hostile and Security policyDefining Foreign and Security Policy from the inhuman War to PresentTodays increasingly globalised community has seen more diplomatic and social evolution in the past half-century than the civilized world has seen in recent memory. The advent of multinational trade and military alinements such as the North Atlantic Trade Organization has increasingly intertwined protective covering policies with hostile policies, which in turn entail more than just military alliances. Foreign subsidies by way of fiscal aid grants and weapons contracts contendrant the need for nations to adopt solid, transparent exotic and security policies as the traditional global threat of warfarefare changes. The most notable examples for security and orthogonal policies as well as the need for a national and supranational g overnmental monitor are the United States and the European Union. The aforementi superstard deuce bodies share between them diplomatic ties to mo st e real division of the supranational community. The onus of foreign and security policies becomes more apparent through examination of diplomatically fragile and militarily-temperamental regions such as the affectionateness eastbound, whose multinational agreements and regional alliances are the basis for subsequent American and EU insurance form _or_ system of government, without which allies and trade partners would find elflike benefit from trade and security agreements. Foreign form _or_ system of government amounts to diminished more than a series of political guidelines and rules of engagement by which whatsoever country implementing it best gains at a certain point in time. Foreign policies are known to change radically from one year to the next the Cold War is perhaps the greatest testament to the temporal nature of international relations and foreign policy. Robert John Myers notes in his US Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century how quickly Western countr ies changed their appeal to the Soviet Union. preliminary to 1945 during the savage struggle of World War II, the primacy of the wisdom of political realism seemed to have been learned by the Allies, who interlocked interest, place, and morality in the councils of the principal Allied power1 the USSR at the time was an indispensable ally against Germany and Japan. Much to the chagrin of their current political detractors, the Soviets were perhaps the most powerful ally America had in the war against the Axis powers, with borders spanning the heart of the Nazi regime and maritime waters bordering the Imperial Japanese. Foreign policy then had nothing to do with the civil liberties, democracy, and freedom of the adjure so touted today in the same countries that huddled together in opposition to Moscow during the Cold War. Prior to the partition of Germany at the close of the war, it was easily recognizable that wartime cooperation to defeat the Axis was clearly important and Alli ed foreign policy toward its Soviet point was one of camaraderie and mutual interdependence2. Once the war ended, however, the close ties between the powers dissipated and politically malignant antipathy filled the void. With a barely nascent United Nations absent as policy moderator, the US and the USSR led a series of proxy wars starting with the attack by North Korea on South Korea on 25 June 1950, marking the limited cooperation and mediation that came to be expected from the UN in the security field3. International mediation, which should have taken place given the alliance that transpired between the US, USSR, and Europe during WWII was all but departed in the years of reconstruction and the escalation of the Cold War. There are two points of speculation given the rise of the Cold War the first is that the United Nations failed as an international mediator, and the second is that the United Nations was obsolete, serving only to keep other countries out of the periphery of t he Soviet-American struggle for dominance. The difference between foreign and security policy during the Cold War was elementary. The American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union was one of mutual trade and sales, the development of which was speculated by many to be a financial insurance policy if the two superpowers intertwined economically, the idea of armed struggle would be so financially devastating that neither side would be unforced to continue along the path to war. American security policy was markedly different given the proxy wars fought in Korea, Vietnam, and the Middle East. Foreign policy basically existed in the crusade of the Cold War to ensure that security policy would never be employed.The Cold War was a fascinating case of how foreign policy and security policy could run completely contrarian to each other. any two given nations can foster amicable foreign policies in their approach to each other independent of a covertly hostile security policy as eviden ced by the oft-shifting approach of successive American administrations to the Soviet behemoth. Jimmy Carter, for example, forbade grain sales to the Soviet Union following the nations invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, while Ronald Reagan made the unpopular embargo an air in the 1980 elections, reversing the policy after his election4. The Reagan policy shift did not predicate a change in security policy, as the administration act its support of Afghan mujahideen forces through arms sales and finance while continuing its agricultural trade with Moscow.It is now well-known that the UN was inconsequential in international mediation throughout the Cold War. This is not to say that an international or supranational regulatory body is not needed in the case of the US and USSR, the absent (and perhaps powerless) UN was perceived as such because their collective power was dwarfed by the two superpowers. With no military or financial incentive, the doubtfulness of the relevance of a supra national regulatory body in foreign and security policy is moot. Even today, American foreign policies often contravene UN resolutions with little or no repercussion due to the immense economic, political, and military might of Washington. While the Cold War ended relatively peacefully without UN intervention, the concept of an international body was not scorned by the US, which partnered with various countries to create the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO). It should be noted, however, that the US was an open advocate of NATO for the very reason that the UN was not potent enough a body to act on American will or on behalf of American aspirations. International mediation in this sense is needed for the monitoring of foreign and security policy whether or not mediation will be effective in some(prenominal) sectors is quite another issue.Foreign policy can be monitored, policed, and even dictated by a supranational body as evidenced in the partition of Germany and the formati on of the Eastern Bloc post-WWII. Security policy, however, is a point of study contention with any nation faced with the prospect of supranational control. Any nation with major investment (diplomatic or financial) abroad would be reluctant to cede jurisdiction of its own soldiers and sovereignty to an outside body, specially one such as the UN whose member list consists of nations antagonistic to one another. The irony here is that a multi-national group could have foreign and security policy power over a nation whose security policy is antagonistic to one or more members of the same international group. Israel, for example, would embark on an unprecedented leap of religion if it allowed the UN and its Arab members to mediate its security policy, all despite the fact that from the first years of its inception (1948-1967) the Jewish state relied on the UN to justify its existence to the international community. The multi-faceted Arab-Israeli negate is just one example of how un checked world superpowers exerted their influence unchecked by the vigil of an international body.Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union, foreign policy was a much simpler venture as the world found itself functioning chthonian the umbrella of just two superpowers, led by and acting under the auspices of either Washington or Moscow. The fall of Communism left a vacuum in the Middle East, as the now-extinct USSR had no allegiances to the Middle East in which it fought a series of proxy wars and conflicts with the United States. What transpired following the end of Moscows reign as a world superpower was the cosmea of several diplomatically independent states in the Middle East. Where Moscow once support Syria, Egypt, and Iraq while arming said nations leaders, they found themselves increasingly dependent on other sources for trade and international subsidy such as the EU and the United States. The foreign policy then drove the security policy, baited by American and EU sponsorship a cting individually of the UN. Today, Egypt, once the sworn enemy of Israel (whose closest international ally is Washington), receives Americas second-largest international aid package. This of course is contingent upon the maintenance of a lasting peace as well as other conditions detailed in the Camp David Accords of 1978. The UN and the EUs parts in the conflict were minimal, as security policies of the two comprised of a minimal militaristic component and a far larger foreign policy component. Pinar Bilgin observes in regional Security in the Middle East how the fragile Mediterranean as an alternative spatial representation began to take shape from the 1970s onward generally in line with the development and changing security conception and practices of the European Union, a group whose policies toward the region have been shaped around three major concerns energy security (understood as the sustained flow of oil and natural gas at reasonable prices) regional stableness (underst ood as domestic help stability especially in countries in geographically North Africa) and the cessation of the Israel/Palestine conflict5. Unlike the US and USSR, whose motives will be examined later, the EU was interested only in the protection of their economic preservation and the prevention of any armed conflict from spilling into their geographic vicinity. In addition to the Arab-Israeli crisis, EU Member States such as Italy, France, and Spain faced growing resentment in the Maghreb (Arab North Africa) as a corollary of imperial European rule. The EUs policies were hence different from non-EU actors who encouraged and supported the search for security within a Euro-Mediterranean framework the EU has almost single-handedly sought to construct a Euro-Mediterranean Region to meet its own domestic economic, societal, and, to a much lesser extent, military security interests6. The American and Soviet interest in the region was also one of economic, political, and security nature , but on a much larger scale. Buzan and Waever note in their Regions and Powers The Structure of International Security howThe United States and the Soviet Union were latecomers as major players in Middle Eastern regional security, though the former had long-standing oil interests there. The two superpowers were drawn into a pattern of regional turbulence that was already strongly active. Their interest in the region was heightened by the fact that, like Europe, the Middle East sat on the boundary between the spheres of communism and free worlds. Stalins aggressive policy after 1945 had pushed Turkey and Iran into the arms of the West. Turkey became a member of NATO, and was so fixed into the main European front of the Cold War. Until the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran fell increasingly under American sway, not only through corporate oil interests, but also as part of the loose alliance arrangements that connected American containment clients in Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan. To cou nter this US success right on its borders, the Soviet Union tried to play in the Arab world derriere this front line, by establishing political and military links to the radical regimes and movements that sprang up in the Middle East during the 1950s and 1960s (Syria, PLO, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Yemen)7The entire Middle East, ranging from Egypt to Iran, became what Buzan and Waever give away as a third front in the Cold War, after Europe and Asia, and its oil resources tied it powerfully into the global prudence8. The Camp David Accords were especially important while Israeli security policies remained virtually unchanged (the Israeli-Egyptian peace is frequently described as cool in comparison to Israeli-Turkish relations), their foreign policies shifted. The two acted under the auspices of the United States, signalling a significant achievement in the Cold War. Though the crosscutting complexities of internal alignments in the Middle East make it challenging to trace a c lear Cold War pattern of great power intervention, the small gains and losses in war and political action were of big consequence. With the 1978 signing of the Camp David Accords, the United States shifted its foreign policy in the Arab world successfully, splitting allegiances in the Middle East to one drawn along Arab lines to one drawn along foreign policy lines. With Turkey and Iran (at least until capital of Irans 1979 Islamic Revolution) securely in the American camp, the Middle East was thus left only with Syria and Iraq in alliance with the USSR. Conflict in the Middle East was hence capitalized upon by the United States by way of foreign policy, which existed independently of the nations security policies.Foreign policies always shift more easily than security policies, as the former serve the interest of a nations economy and the latter are charged with the military protection of a nations sovereignty, diplomatic or otherwise. As evidenced by the Cold War, American polici es in Iraq alone have shifted dramatically. Prior to 1979, for example, American foreign and security policies were in place to secure its interests (Saudi Arabia and Israel) from Baghdad. From 1979 to 1991, American foreign policies toward Iraq remained the same, but its security policies shifted to prevail Iraqi military suppression of post-revolutionary Iran. From 1991 to 2003, both foreign and security policies shifted to those of aggression and financial seclusion. It should be noted that until 1991, these foreign policy shifts were executed at the idea of three American presidents. Iran followed the same path, with pre-1979 Tehran under Reza Shah Pahlavi serving as a vital blockage to Soviet expansionism. Following the Islamic Revolution of 1979, security policy was hostile toward and sought to exclude Tehran by funding Saddam Hussein. Foreign policy changed during the Contra Scandal, wherein American military leaders sold Tehran various munitions and weapons in direct subte rfuge of Washingtons official military support of Baghdad weapons were sold to a lesser evil (Iran) in order to fund covert operations in support of Nicaraguan right-wing guerrillas. Managuas leftist-government was thought to be the latest expansion of Soviet influence and was hence a closer threat in physical proximity than the rise of the radical Islamic government of Tehran which was equally remote to the Soviets at the time. All this transpired, again, without minimal monitoring by an international body. The greatest irony of the aforementioned events, however, is the perception of their respective successes and failures. America succeeded without international intervention in the pacification and dismantlement of the Soviet Union however, todays chaotic Middle East was a corollary, including the 9/11 attacks that changed forever the security and foreign policies of the United States. The current wars waged by America and what allies remain are again largely conducted without t he support or monitoring by the UN or any other international body, and it remains to be seen how the future will unfold.BIBLIOGRAPHYBilgin, Pinar. (2005) Regional Security in the Middle East A Critical Perspective.London Taylor Francis Routledge.Buzan, Barry and Ole Waever. (2003) Regions and Powers The Structure ofInternational Security. Cambridge Cambridge U P.Myers, Robert John. (1999) US Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century TheRelevance of Realism. Baton Rouge Louisiana State U P.Wilson, Ernest J. (2004) Diversity and US Foreign Policy A Reader. New YorkTaylor Francis Routledge.1Footnotes1 Myers 1999, p. 982 Ibid3 Myers 1999, p. 984 Wilson 2004, p. 1275 Bilgin 2005, p. 1406 Bilgin 2005, p. 1407 Buzan and Waever 2003, p. 1988 Buzan and Waever 2003, p. 197

What is the effect on the audience of John Proctors decision in act 4? :: English Literature

What is the effect on the listening of John Proctors decision in act 4?How does miller build up tension and drama in this section? How is itstill relevant to a modern audience?This essay is on the main importance of John Proctors decision and howMiller builds up a sense of tension (and also drama) throughout Act 4.I will also mention how relevant the play is in modern day propagation bydiscussing McCarthyism.Firstly, John Proctors decision in this section is quite simple, signthe agreement or not. But it is the way that this section influencesthe audience that is significant, because it gets the audience more thaninvolved. John has several problems with signing the agreement, forexample in signing the agreement he signs his name away, in otherwords he will meet his reputation. We can learn that Proctor valueshis name, and sees it as the only thing he has left, apart fromElizabethI have given you my soul, leave me my nameThis shows us, the audience which Proctor although is shown as a sternman through out the play, in this part he is shown as being emotionaland considers his name as a symbol of self respect. Following on fromthe previous point, humiliation is used well to make us feel sorry forProctor collect to the fact that he is faced with his name and confessionbeing pinned to the church ingress, the example of this is, when ProctorexclaimsGod does not need my name nailed to the church doorThis helps us strengthen our beliefs that Proctor values his name.Proctor also has other reasons to struggle with his decision, mainlybecause the others involved are what we know as saints Rebecca andMartha are precise holy people, who believe that they should never lie,even though the consequences may be as extravagant as death, the twosaints are holding out against the test of Danforth,therefore John takes it into account that although he is not as holyas they are, to keep the faith, he must hold out, but, the audiencegets a appal when John considers the agreeme nt, this gives us anelement of surprise and a will he wont he effect, making us watch evenmore avildly. other(a) influential things that help John make the decision, is the facthe has a family, he has two boys who he does await questions about, notonly does he ask about his two boys, but also he asks about his unbornchild and his wife Elizabeth, who he cares for dearly an example of

Antigone :: essays research papers

It apportions a lot of courage to stand up and def remove an action or idea that is forbidden by society. non only did Antigone do that in Sophocles story Antigone, but also comparing my life to the events that happened in Antigone, it was not long ago that I had to stand and take action on a forbidden idea.Antigone clearly disobeys King Creons order that no person should bury Antigones brother, Polynices, which is punishable by penalty of finish. In this case, is Antigones finding the correct one? Her actions affect many of her other countrymen negatively because they cause conundrums within the royal family, disagreement among the people and directly relate to the death of lead people including her own. By burying her brother, Antigone knowingly and willingly went against royal orders and in doing so chooses her own death. She knows as well as anyone in the town that death would come to all that disobeyed Creons order. Antigone says to this "no one will ever convict me fo r a traitor,"(Act I Scene II Line 361) and decides to bury the body, this is quite humourous because by burying her brother a traitor is exactly what she is convicted of being. This story somewhat relates to my life because there was an event that took place in High cultivate that caused me to be viewed as a traitor, but at the same time in was in benefit of the school. In my High school there has and forever been a mixed crowd of students such as blacks, whites, and Hispanics. At my school it was pretty obvious that blacks hung out with each other and whites hung out with each other. Towards the end of Davies 2the school year I along with a couple of my friends started receiving races comments that where of course directed to the majority of the black students. As time went on the emplacement became worse. I was looked at as a traitor simply because I was always the one who hung out with everyone, not just the black students. I took the problem to the principal and nothing was done so we proceeded to go to the board of education and sure enough, Reginald F.