Can the rich buy justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can the rich buy justice - Essay Example Oscar Pistorius is 27 years old and is a former Olympian. He was accused of shooting his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp, with a gun four times through the door to the toilet room in his room in the middle of night. However, Pristorius pleaded not guilty of murder. He explained that he thought at the time that it was an intruder and he acted instantaneously as an attempt of self-defence. The trial was started on March 3 and up till now thirteen hearings have been conducted and the court has heard eighteen witnesses. The proceedings of the trials have been entirely broadcasted by the media and there has been an intense media hype associated with the case (CNN Staff). Although the explanation given by Pristorius is the only possible defense which could save him, according to legal experts he will have a tough time winning the case because of the evidences pointing out towards him. According to South Africa’s law, the most serious punishment which may be given is that of minimum 25 y ears imprisonment. According to neighbors, they heard a woman and man arguing and they also heard the sounds of a woman screaming before the sound of gun shot. This was in contradiction with the Mr. Pristorius statement who said that she was in bed when he heard the noises and went to investigate (Lyall). Oscar Pristorius with his fame and money has the advantage to utilize the best of facilities and amenities. He called four forensic scientists and also hired the help of a US forensic animation firm so that they could recreate the crime scene digitally. This would help in explaining his defense in a more effective and visual manner (Smith). Pristorius has gained the support of millions of fans through his emotional scenes depicted during the court proceedings and the display of disgust and intense emotion when the pictures of the crime scene were displayed. There were news that Team Pristorius had created a twitter account of

Sale of Goods Act 1979 sections 20A & 20B - Passing of Property & Risk Essay

Sale of Goods Act 1979 sections 20A & 20B - Passing of Property & Risk - Essay Example Section 20A is applicable to Contracts of sale where there is a â€Å"specified quantity of unascertained goods.† Section 20B was enacted to supplement the lacuna created by section 20A where there has been deemed consent by the buyer as a co-owner of goods from the bulk and the protection of liquidators from any action in case of insolvency. It means that an act done under Section 20A by one of the co-owners (buyers) binds the other but in case of the seller’s insolvency before passing of property paid for, the buyer is protected. Therefore, the researcher concludes that the legislature never introduced any form of injustice to replace another by enacting Sections 20A and 20B but they cured the mischief in law and strengthened the justice system that could have created endless litigations due to uncertainty of goods, undefined deemed consent and the insolvency of the seller where property had not passed to the buyer. Analysis Sections 20A and 20B Section 20A of the Sal e of Goods Act as amended specifically deals with contracts where the parties traded in â€Å"specified quantity of unascertained goods† in the bulk and gives legal parameters to the effect that property and risk in goods is deemed to have passed upon ascertainment as per the Avory J in Healey v Howlett & Sons (1917). This can either be by identification of goods by the buyer, appropriation by the seller, abatement and or severance of the goods in the bulk by the buyer. In this vein, particular conditions should be fulfilled which includes; that such goods for sale or a sample from the bulk should be clearly identified as forming part of the contract or by any other subsequent contract by parties to that agreement (Burns, 1996, P.268). Secondly, there should be consideration for those goods forming wholly or part of the contract according to Burns, (1996, P.268) and also upheld by the Court in Cohen v Roche (1927). It is an exception to the old rule of thumb that goods pass u pon delivery and payment (Ward (RV) Ltd v Bignall,1967, P.545). In this circumstance, it’s upon ascertainment. Where upon the above conditions are satisfied, property and risk is premafacie passed onto the buyer for those ascertained goods in the bulk as per the Court in Pignataro v Gilroy & Sons (1919) involving the sale of unascertained rice2. The only exception is where there is an agreement to the contrally between the contracting parties (The Sale of Goods Act, 1795, S.20A (2)) or if there are special factors forming part of the essential terms of the contract (Nicole, 1979, P.143). Property further passes in unascertained goods by the buyer’s approval of goods produced by the seller before delivery but the seller should notify the buyer of that production (Wilkins v Bromhead, 1844). This thus means that there has been appropriation of goods hence passing of property and risk (Noblett v Hopkinson, 1905). Furthermore, part payment for the goods being ascertained is in the circumstance treated as consideration and therefore makes the buyer owner of the goods. Property is thus deemed to have passed according to Hendy Lenox Ltd v Grahame Puttick Ltd (1984). However, the terms of the contract must be fulfilled failure of which negatives the passing of property as was the case in Carlos Federspiel & Co SA v Charles Twigg & Co Ltd (1957) involving the sale of bicycles which didn’t pass until they had passed the ship rail. Therefore, sections 20A and 20B were not

Role of Mirror Neuron System (MNS) in Autism

Role of Mirror Neuron System (MNS) in Autism Mirror neuron system (MNS) plays an important role in the specific behavioral features of people with autism. In this paper the central aspects, such as neuropathology, etiology and prevalence, of autism and related disorders will be discussed. In addition the Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) theory and Theory of Mind (ToM), two theories linking the autistic brain with the specific behavior of the disease, will be discussed. The next two chapters are dedicated to the MNS and the consequences of its dysfunction in autism. Important are the two main functions facilitated by the MNS: imitation and action understanding. Several studies show that dysfunction of the MNS in autism, might be a reason why these abilities are underdeveloped in autistic individuals. Autism was first described in 1943 by the Austrian-American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. He noted 11 cases in which kids werent able to relate in usual ways to people and showed unusual responses to the environment including stereotyped motor mannerisms, resistance to change and reduced communicative skills. The condition of these kids was termed Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nowadays stricter definitions of the disorder have been proposed and clinical indications have been set up for diagnosis.1 Autism is defined by several clinical manifestations, including qualitative impairment in social interaction, qualitative impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities.2 These characteristics of the neurological disorder begin before the age of three, although it is not always recognized at this age. Autism, along with Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS, belongs to the family of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). This family includes a broad range of disorders associated with underdevelopment of social and communicative skills particularly. These deficiencies may be caused by mental retardation (Retts syndrome) but thats not always the case. Cases of Autism and PDD-NOS are not always linked with mental retardation and Asperger syndrome is even associated with normal level of intelligence. This shows that the members of the PDD family are very heterogeneous in their behavioral manifestations, degree of affectedness and etiology. This heterogeneity has lead to the term Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). ASD refers to the fact that several neural developmental disorders (Autsim, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS) are linked to each other in various ways, which makes it difficult to develop clear-cut diagnostic boundaries. This linkage is highlighted in family members of patients whom mostly do not meet the criteria for a clinical diagnosis but do show (in lesser extent) some of the manifestations present in the patient.1 Figure 1: Specific behavior observed in persons with autism due to social and communicative impairment and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities. 1: Difficulty in mingling with others. 2: Inappropriate laughing or giggling. 3: Little or no eye contact. 4: Apparent insensitivity to pain. 5: Prefers to be alone; aloof manner 6: Spins objects. 7: Inappropriate attachment to objects. 8: Noticeable physical overactivity or extreme underactivity. 9: Unresponsive to normal teaching methods. 10: Insistence on sameness; resists changes in routine. 11: No real fear of dangers. 12: Sustained odd play. 13: Echolia (repeating words or phrases in place of normal language). 14: May not want cuddling or act cuddly. 15: Not responsive to verbal cues; acts as deaf. 16: Difficulty in expressing needs; uses gestures or pointing instead of words. 17: Tantrums displays extreme distress for no apparent reason. 18: Uneven gross/fine motor skill (may not want t o kick ball but stack blocks). 3 There are, as mentioned above, four main characteristics of autistic disorders (including the age of onset). First there is qualitative impairment of social interaction. Young children learn their communicative and social cognitive skills by interaction with caregivers. Autistic kids often pay little attention to the smiling face or highly intonated voice of their caregiver and have more interest in the inanimate environment. This will cause a delay in the development of social interaction and also impedes the kid to get attached to a person. The social skills of patients could get better during time but even then the complexity of social interaction (e.g. showing emotions, empathy) will make it hard for the autistic person to have a normal, animated conversation. 1 Another manifestation of autism is qualitative impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication and play. Around 20-30% of patients with autism never speak. There is also no attempt to engage in communication or to compensate the inability to speak by nonverbal communication. These individuals for example do not make eye contact. When autistic persons do speak, their language has often typical features. They often speak with a monotonic voice and might say things not meant for communication (i.e. non-reciprocal communication). They can show echolalia as well, which makes them repeat what is said to them or what they hear in their environment (e.g. from the radio). Next to that the social uses of language, such as humor and irony, is difficult to understand for patients with autism. Another feature typically seen in individuals with autism is pronoun reversal.1 A third characteristic is a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests. This is expressed by several stereotyped movements, including toe walking, finger flicking and body rocking. Another way in which this characteristic emerges is the interest of the individual in repetitive activities such as collecting certain objects or repeating certain words or numbers. This urge for steadiness and sameness makes it hard for autistic persons to tolerate change and variation in their daily routine and to deal with stress. 1 At last the age of onset is always before three years.1 In 2006 the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder was estimated around 1 percent worldwide4, with two to four times more affected males than females5. An increase in the prevalence of autism and related conditions has been observed worldwide. The adoption of broader definitions of autism and greater awareness among clinicians and parents are most likely the main reasons for this growth. 1 The etiology of autism is not always known. In most cases individuals develop autism without an identifiable cause and are diagnosed with idiopathic or non-syndromic autism. About 70% of these patients dont show any physical abnormalities and are said to have essential autism. The other 30% of the patients can suffer from dysmorphic features such as microcephaly (i.e. an abnormally small circumference of the head) and structural brain malformation.5 Autism is associated with a range of other disorders and impairments. In 5-10% of cases, Individuals with Autism are also diagnosed with disorders such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. Epilepsy is suffered by 33% of the patients and 44,6% of children diagnosed with autism were reported to have intellectual impairment, defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ) score less than 70.5 The phenotypic heterogeneity in autism patients is a major challenge in research. Individuals with autism seem to have a unique combination of symptoms and show very divergent behavior. This makes it hard for researchers to find a common cause or treatment for the syndrome. A lot of research is done to clear up the genetic background of autism. The different features of autism suggest that a set of different genes is involved with the disease.2 Alterations in gene sequence could have an impact on the function of several parts of the brain. With use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) major types of pathology have been detected which, most possibly, contribute to the behavioural features of Autism patients. The abnormal brain patterns found include an abnormal acceleration of brain growth in early childhood, minicolumn (local network that contains elements for redundancy and plasticity) pathology, curtailed neuronal development and brain structure-specific delays of neuronal growth. 2 How these brain pathologies lead to the changes in the behavior described in autistic individuals is still not known. A (new) theory is proposed by Baron-Cohen to explain the connection between the autistic brain and the correspondent behavior of an autistic individual. This theory is called the Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. It is based on the E-S model, which states that the social and cognitive skills of a person are based on an Empathizing Quotient (EQ) and a Systemizing Quotient (SQ). People with autism are said to have an extreme Systemizing brain and thus show little empathy. 6 The E-S theory is closely related to another theory namely the theory of mind (ToM). This theory is an innate mechanism by which a person can interpret and attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that another person could have other intentions, desires and beliefs. It makes it possible for people to see the world through another persons eyes. It has been hypothized that a theory of mind deficit, so-called mind-blindness, is one of the main causes of the impairments in social interaction. It has been proposed that children with autism fail to employ a theory of mind, which makes it difficult for them to see things from another persons perspective.7 The Mirror Neuron System Mirror neurons were first discovered in a specific region of the premotor cortex of monkeys, the F5 area. These special type of neurons appeared to discharge when monkeys did a particular action as well as when they just observed another individual doing the same action. It didnt matter if the other individual was a human or a monkey or if the subject was rewarded afterwards: responses were equally. 8 Figure 2: A piece of food is grasped by the experimenter (upper panel left), the tray is moved to the monkey and the monkey grasps the food (upper panel right). Activation of neurons in F5 area both during observation of the experimenters grasping movements, and while the same action is performed by the monkey (Lower panels). 9 After the discovery of these visuomotor neurons in monkeys, research was done to find evidence for existence of the same neurons in human. By the use of neuropsychological and brain-imaging experiments some results were found that could indicate the existence of a Mirror Neuron System (MNS) in human.8 First evidence for the MNS in humans was found using electroencephalography (EEG). With this technique was demonstrated that the mu rhythm, which is present during motor rest and disappears during motor activation and somatosensory stimulation9, disappeared during both execution and observation of hand actions10 This shows that not only by executing a task, but also by observing of someone else doing a task, motor neurons are stimulated. Although motor neurons of the observer are stimulated, no movement is made. The mechanism that prevents this unnecessary movement is still unknown. One of the possibilities might be the existence of regulatory mirror neurons or super mirror neurons.11 After this first evidence for the existence of a MNS in humans, more clues were found using other techniques such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and functional Magnetic Insoncance Imaging (fMRI). These studies showed that during action observation, cortical areas of the brain involved in motor control were activated.9 Activation was particularly observed in posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), also known as pars opercularis, and adjacent ventral premotor cortex (PMC). In addition mirror neurons were found in the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. Activation was also found in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), which is believed to be the region responsible for visual input to the MNS (figure 3).11 Figure 3: Schematic overview of the neural circuitry for imitation. Visual input enters via the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS). Visual information is passed on to the rostral inferior parietal lobule(IPL) (orange arrow). The red arrow represents the information flow from the parieral lobule to the ventral MNS, i.e the ventral premotor cortex (PMC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), concerned with the goal of action. Efference copies of moter imitative commands that are sent back to the STS are represented by black arrows. This allows matching between the senory predictions of imitative motor plans and the visual description of the observed action.11 Based on these findings, two hypotheses have been proposed that give the possible function of mirror neurons. The first hypothesis states that mirror-neuron activity mediates imitation 12 Humans are one of the few species that can learn by imitation. Studies show that 12-month-old infants can imitate facial and hand gestures and by this mechanism learn these movements themselves.13 Next to that the infants were also able to predict the action of goals by other people. This introduces the second hypothesis that says that mirror neurons are the basis of action understanding.9 For people to interact with each other, they must be able to understand the actions of another person. So action understanding plays a key role in the organization of social behavior of humans. An interesting experiment has been done by Umilta et al, showing that mirror neurons became activated even when visual stimuli were hidden.14 So different studies show that most likely both hypotheses are true, although there is still some discussion by which mechanism the mirror neurons execute these functions.9 Autism and the Mirror Neuron System Recently it has been proposed that dysfunction of the mirror neuron system could have an influence on the development of autism.15 Defects of these neurons early in development are believed to interfere with the development of normal social actions such as imitation, theory of mind and language. 11 Several studies are done to test this hypothesis. Testing the IQ of children with autism shows a negative relationship between the activity of the mirror neurons and the scores of the children on the social subscales. This means that a higher activity in de mirror neuron system is accompanied with a high score on the social domain. This gives one of the first indications of a link between the dysfunction of the MNS and the development autism.11 One of the functions that is thought to be impaired by the dysfunction of the MNS is imitation. Imitation is one of the most important mechanism by which young children learn their social and communicative skills. Different experiments demonstrated that children with autism have difficulties performing imitation.17 Studies using fMRI supported the hypothesis by showing a reduced MNS activity in children with autism during imitation and observation of facial emotional expression. These results all suggest that mirror neurons play indeed an important role in imitation and early dysfunction of MNS may be at the core of the social limitations observed in children with autism. 16 Rizzolatti and Arbib have proposed that the part of the monkey brain which contains mirror neurons dealing with hand actions, has evolved to subserve speech in humans. 17 This would suggest that hand gestures and mouth gestures are linked in humans. A defect in this specific part of the MNS could result in an inability to speak, like some of the persons with autism do. However, to date no research is done to prove this possibility. Another possible effect of mirror neuron dysfunction could be underdevelopment of ToM. It has been demonstrated that children with autism have difficulties perceiving the world from another persons eyes, suggesting that they have a reduced ToM. However, a study showing a correlation between the dysfunction of the MNS and ToM has still to be done.15 Conclusion Although the discovery of mirror neuron system is just recently done, already a lot of research is dedicated to this interesting part of the brain. The specific neurons first found in monkeys, are most probably also an important part of the human brain forming a basis for functions such as imitation and action understanding. In autistic persons, who show to have difficulties with these abilities, reduced activity of mirror neurons has been found. This would suggest that the MNS is a key factor that influences the degree of social and communicative impairments in these individuals. Still a lot of research has to be done to find strong evidence for the dysfunction of the MNS and its relationship with reduced speech, social interaction skills and theory of mind. Referenties 1 Kiln A (2006): Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview. Rev. Brasil de Psychil. 28: S3-S11 2 Wegiel J, Kuchna I, Nowicki K et al. (2010): The neuropathology of autism: defects of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, and dysplastic changes. Acta Neuropathol. 119: 755-770 3 Chen, E (2004): Checklist autism. Available on: http://www.elainechen.com/illustration_template.php?page=autism (Geraadpleegd op 4 juli 2010) 4 Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A et al. (2006): Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet 368: 210-215 5 Pennington BF, Ozonoff S (1996): Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology. J. Child. Psychil. Psychiat. 37: 51-87 6 Baron-Cohen S (2009): Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. Ann. of NY Aca. of sci. 1156: 68-80 7 Baron-Cohen S, Leslie AM, Frith U (1985): Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition 21: 37-46 8 Rizzolatti G, Craighero L (2004): The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27: 169-192 9 Rizzolatti G, Fogassi F, Gallese V (2001): Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Rev. Neurosciences 2: 661-670 10 Hari, R et al. (1998): Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 95: 15061-15065 11 Iacoboni M, Dapretto M (2006): The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7: 942-951 12 Jeannerod M (1994): The representing brain. Neural correlates of motor intention and im- agery. Behav. Brain Sci 17: 187-245 13 Meltzoff AN, Prinz W (2002) The Imitative Mind. Development, Evolution and Brain Bases. Cambridge Univ. Press 14 Umilta MA, Kohler E, Gallese V, Fogassi L, Fadiga L, et al. (2001): I know what you are doing: a neurophysiological study. Neuron 32: 91-101 15 Williams JH, Whiten A, Suddendorf T, Perret DI (2001): Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25: 287-295 16 Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH et al. (2005): Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience 9: 28-30 17 Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Matelli M, Bettinardi V, Paulesu E, Perani D, Fazio F (1996): Localisation of grasp representations in humans by PETà 1: observation vs execution. Exp. Brain Res. 111: 246- 252.

Perspective Journal- The Punisher :: essays research papers

Perspective Journal- The Punisher This story is based on a movie called The Punisher which was about an FBI undercover agent, Frank Castle. Frank has all his family murdered while away on a vacation and through out the movie seeks revenge. This operation was ordered by the main villain in the movie, Howard Saint. Howard Saint has every reason to be justified for calling the operation to murder Frank Castle’s family. Howard wouldn’t have been involved in the killing of Frank Castle’s family if Frank had just stayed within his limits and not go around flashing his FBI badge at every person in the society. Howard Saint was a good person who was just involved in making his life through dirty ways. Like everyone else, Howard wanted to be rich. He didn’t care how he made his money and went to all different extremes to make sure he was rich. Howard Saint’s life was always under scrutiny even when he wasn’t doing anything illegal. Someone’s life being under scrutiny for something he is not even doing is very anger provoking and because of that Howard felt that he might as well do the evil things he was being scrutinized for. Howard Saint illegal businesses never had to do with any crime against the society. He had an addiction and had to feed it. He was addicted to cocaine and he couldn’t do anything about it. If the FBI had just allowed him to do his own cocaine, no damage would have occurred and every family would have lived. Howard Saint turned â€Å"wasteful† towards the end of the movie. He began wasting people’s lives and killing anyone randomly. He went to these extremes because he had lost everything he had because of the revenge plot by Frank Castle. Howard lost his house, all his money was blown up and most importantly his family was burnt right in his face. These actions were a result of a quick conclusion by Frank Castle that Howard was the main person involved in the cocaine ring. Any human being who is picked up and used as an example for any crime has the authority to go to any measures to revenge. Perspective Journal- The Punisher :: essays research papers Perspective Journal- The Punisher This story is based on a movie called The Punisher which was about an FBI undercover agent, Frank Castle. Frank has all his family murdered while away on a vacation and through out the movie seeks revenge. This operation was ordered by the main villain in the movie, Howard Saint. Howard Saint has every reason to be justified for calling the operation to murder Frank Castle’s family. Howard wouldn’t have been involved in the killing of Frank Castle’s family if Frank had just stayed within his limits and not go around flashing his FBI badge at every person in the society. Howard Saint was a good person who was just involved in making his life through dirty ways. Like everyone else, Howard wanted to be rich. He didn’t care how he made his money and went to all different extremes to make sure he was rich. Howard Saint’s life was always under scrutiny even when he wasn’t doing anything illegal. Someone’s life being under scrutiny for something he is not even doing is very anger provoking and because of that Howard felt that he might as well do the evil things he was being scrutinized for. Howard Saint illegal businesses never had to do with any crime against the society. He had an addiction and had to feed it. He was addicted to cocaine and he couldn’t do anything about it. If the FBI had just allowed him to do his own cocaine, no damage would have occurred and every family would have lived. Howard Saint turned â€Å"wasteful† towards the end of the movie. He began wasting people’s lives and killing anyone randomly. He went to these extremes because he had lost everything he had because of the revenge plot by Frank Castle. Howard lost his house, all his money was blown up and most importantly his family was burnt right in his face. These actions were a result of a quick conclusion by Frank Castle that Howard was the main person involved in the cocaine ring. Any human being who is picked up and used as an example for any crime has the authority to go to any measures to revenge.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Skin Extract Essay

Nowadays, people have using different herbal soap that are expensive and less effective. Our aims is to make an effective and cheaper herbal soap. Like pineapple skin , pineapple fruit has some active principles with important . Pineapple Skin has a benefits in making herbal soap because it has that properties that can make the skin look good and protects the skin. Statement of the Problem Main Problem: Does the pineapple skin soap more effective than the other commercial soap? Specific problem: Is the soap effective on skin? Will the soap has side effects like irrattion and others? Objectives This study mainly aimed to determine how useful pineapple skins are. The ideal outcome of this study can be achieved by obtaining the following specific objectives: Compare the pineapple skin to other ingredients used in other commercial soap Test the effectiveness of pineapple as a skin cleanser and moisturizer Hypothesis If pineapple skin is used as an ingredient in a soap, then there would be an effective cleanser as well as moisturizer in one soap Significance of The Study You can make a bathing soap with pineapple skin extract as a moisturizing soap. This plant is very common to our environment, and aside of its avaibility; it is easy to cultivate. It contains many components for moisturizing the skin. This study aims to produce an affordable herbal soap by making use of the natural properties of pineapple skin. And it also improves skin elastic, improve skin hydration, and remove damaged and dead cells and does not mix with chemicals that may damage our skin. It also have antifungal and purifying effect on the skin. Definition of Terms Bromelain – is an extract derived from the stems of pineapples. Manganese – a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Chapter II: Review of Related Literature The high vitamin C and bromelain content of pineapple juice make it an effective acne treatment. Bromelain is an enzyme that softens skin and has been used for hundreds of years in South and Central America to fight inflammation and swelling. Raw pineapple is an excellent source of manganese and vitamin C . Applying vitamin C to the skin may have a beneficial effect because of its antioxidant properties. Correctly formulated vitamin C creams may protect against the aging effect of sunlight and reduce winkles, mainly from its stem, pineapple contains a proteilytic enzyme, bromelain, which breaks down protein. If having sufficientr bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be used as a meat marinade and tenderizer. Pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some food, such as jellyland other gelatin-based dessert, but would be destroyed during cooking and canning. The quality of bromelain in the fruit probably not significant, being mostly in the inedible stack. Furthermore, an ingested enzyme like bromelain unlikely to survive intact the proteolytic process of digestion. Pineapple is crammed with vitamins but most of all a very skin friendly enzyme called Bromeliad. With these it fights the damaged done to your skin by free radicals, lifts dirt and dead skin cell. It hydrates and is also know to reduce age spots and fine lines and leaves the  skin supple and leaves you with a the softest skin pineapple or a pineapple facial mask can also be a powerful ally in your quest against acne. The high vitamins C and bromelain content of pineapple juice make it an effective acne treatment. Bromelain is an enzyme that soften skin and has been used for hundreds of year in South and Central America to fight inflammation and swelling.

Cause and Effect Essay

According to Brougham (2009), â€Å"College women reported higher overall level of stress and greater use of emotion-focused coping strategies than college men† (Brougham, 2009, pg 85). Recent avoidance of my problems is not helping to solve them. As a college student, my two main stressors are family problems and night-eating. Considering that the old coping methods are not working, a new method needs to be taken into effect. College is a new setting for most students, especially the ones no longer living at home. The transition can be easy and worry-free, or a challenging and stressful time. Brougham states, â€Å"Growth and change were often accompanied by the experience of stress. The cause of stress varies from person to person. Overall there can be similarities such as ’academics, social relationships, finances, daily hassles and family relationships’ (Brougham, 2009, pg 86). As student, academics is the reason why we are in school; we are aiming to get ed ucated and to learn. Family relationships vary from student to student depending on how close the family is. My immediate family and extended family have such a close bond that when I am needed at home, I drop everything for them. Social relationships are smaller support systems individuals can count on. Finances all come down to economic status and a person’s unique financial aid package. Daily hassles range from what I should wear today to not having enough time in a day. The one that affects me the most since I have been growing up is family relationships. I was always taught to put family first and being in college has challenged me to the extreme because not being able to be there for my family when they need me most hurts. It was not until last year that I realized that my dad actually meant something to me. Since I was born until 2010 my dad was an alcoholic, therefore, my memorizes of him are usually negative. Recently since we have found out he has liver failure and he is constantly in and out of the hospital I do not know what else to do but love him. He is currently in the hospital right now and me being school pretending everything is okay just does not feel right. Even thought I had such strong dislike for him everything has changed for that reason and that is why I am his potential liver donor but it is hard to see him slowly struggle to live. For stress, the â€Å"five coping responses are self help, accommodation, approach, avoidance and self punishment† (Brougham, 2009, pg 87). Each type is associated with a positive or negative outcome: The goals of the coping responses are to: (1) self-help by sustaining  emotional well being, (2) approach stress using problem solving strategies, (3) accommodate stress through acceptance and reframing negative outcomes, (4) avoid st ress through denial and blaming others, and (5) self-punish through self-focused rumination and self blame (Brougham, 2009, pg 87). Some of these coping strategies are so hard to break away from if that is how one learned to deal with stress. Stress is not a positive word, but something that brings fear to people. I am constantly stressed, consequently, can never think straight and losing my focus at school. My dad has given me all the opportunities I have never had and even though he was not there for me when I was younger I would do anything for him. Even though I do not know how to cope with family problems I am willing to learn considering that the way I deal with my stress is a negative way usually. Now realizing there are other ways to worry, I would consider trying accommodation. The reasoning behind that coping strategy is that one needs to constantly remind themselves to not think negatively. Hurting yourself is just so much easier than thinking positively. Brougham claims that â€Å"avoidance and self-punishment coping strategies were associated with greater negative outcomes† (Brougham, 2009, pg 87-88). The reason for this is because we do not know any other way to cope. My way of thinking is hard to change, but there has to be change in order to get somewhere in life instead of continuing bad habits. The second stressor correlates to stress: night-eating. â€Å"The transition into college life has been associated with weight gain† (Wichianson, 2009, pg 236). The infamous â€Å"freshman fifteen† refers to the fifteen pounds freshmen in college tend to gains. One main reason for this is because college students tend to eat at night. From my experienced I gained my fifteen pounds yet it was so hard to stop eating. When I was invited to eat at midnight I was always willing to go never realizing how bad that was for me. â€Å"Poor coping and high levels of stress resulting from such a transition make students prone to engage in problematic eating behaviors such as nigh-eating syndrome, which can lead to weight gain† (Wichianson, 2009, pg 236). In college, one is independent – there is no need to ask for permission. Eating usually being scheduled at hope versus college you have the liberty to set your own schedule made it hard. I could never turn down a whooper from burger King, an ice cream sundae from McDonalds, chicken wings from hooters, and breakfast food from  Denny’s. I wondered why I could not tell myself no but it was just so hard because I love food. In college one can eat when they chose and their choice of food is up to them. To some extent, as a teenager, I never learned about nutrition and how many calories one individual is supposed to have. I also never learned to avoid certain food groups. It makes it especially hard to even decide what is healthy to eat in the cafeteria considering nothing is even healthy for you in a school cafeteria. What I found myself doing was eating everything in front of me even when I was full. The way my mom raised us she told us to eat everything and not leave anything on the plate out of respect but food cost money. Currently in our culture the portion sizes of food are huge. At a restaurant a dinner plate is so large yet, you feel guilty not eating it all. Even at fast food restaurants they give you the option of small, medium, large, x-large and sometimes even bigger, eating all this food in general is not good but eating it at night is a heart attack waiting to happen. At night, one eats and goes to bed; the food that was just eaten never gets digested or really has time to go anywhere in your body. The night eating stressor â€Å"grouped coping into two different categories: problem fo cused and emotion focused† (Wichianson, 2009, pg 236). These where the two reasons the article came up with for why we eat at night and cannot stop. I never thought eating at night was problem but as my weight increased and I slept with stomach aches, I knew it was something I no longer wanted to do. In the article it states â€Å"problem-focused coping strategies have been considered adaptive, while emotion-focused coping strategies have been considered maladaptive† (Wichianson, 2009, pg 236) Emotion-focused is eating your feelings as a negative result associated with maladaptive. To some extent any feeling I had I wanted to eat. If I was happy I would eat, if I was sad I really wanted to go eat out. Problem focused is forcing you not to eat at night associated with adaptive. Adaptive in the way that you adapt to a certain eating schedule that way at night I am not hungry and will not feel the need to go out and eat. Research was done and results showed that an â€Å"increase use of maladaptive and decrease use of adaptive coping have been associated with problem eating† (Wichianson, 2009, pg 236). Meaning that I am not alone and many people eat because of the way they feel. The better way to understand this is by scheduling time aside to go and eat. That is what I have done since the  beginning of the school. I give myself one hour three times a day to eat a meal not just a snack the reason for it is because I am at risk. As an overweight student it is difficult to figure out the healthiest way to live life. The reason I eat at night is because I am stressed, yet that is making me more at risk for diabetes because it runs in the family. The best thing for me is to actually set time aside and keep reminding myself that I cannot eat past a certain time usually around seven o’clock. There are many more stressors in my life but currently these are the two I struggle most during college. Being a college student in the nursing program makes me more nervous and afraid of not having time with my family as well as my emotional need to eat all the time. Consider that we are so active all the time it feels that there are never enough hours in a day it makes it that much harder. A quote I was fond of was, â€Å"†¦stress is balancing multiple demands and roles at work, at school, and in their personal life† (Giancola, 2009, pg 246). These basically generalize everything I cannot do. I cannot balance things when I have something higher on my list of prioritizing. Hopefully using these new coping mechanisms I can better myself as a person, student and even daughter.

SSA Demanding Disabled Man Pay Back $18,000 in Benefits

SSA Demanding Disabled Man Pay Back $18,000 in Benefits Oregon Couple Claims SSA Seeks Repayment of Benefits An older Oregon couple- he with a degenerative muscle disease and she with a rare form of cancer- claim they are now entangled in a battle with the Social Security Administration (SSA) as they battle for their lives. A detailed article on the couples claims is available here.Last year, the SSA sent the couple a letter indicating the agency was reviewing the couples Social Security Disability (SSD) payments. Months later, they say the SSA sent another letter in which they announced the discontinuation of the husbands SSD and Medicare benefits- which they stated in fine print should have ended last summer.According to the couple, the SSA is also demanding the return of over $18,000 in benefits received since that time. When they tried to apply for a waiver of the repayment requirement, the couple claims the SSA told them to consider selling their house and car.About SSD BenefitsCurrently, applicants who have been approved by the SSA to receive SSD benefits receive, on average, $1,197 e ach month. The typical range for monthly payments is between $700 and $1,700. The SSA reviews and approves each case on an individual basis. The SSA considers previous earnings, current earnings and an applicants dependents- if any- when assigning a value to a claim.  We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental or cognitive impairment; call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Dis ability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Michigan Social Security Disability Attorneys, Social Security Disability, Social Security Disability Benefits, Social Security Disability Help, social security disability lawyers