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Wednesday, June 5, 2019
Culture Led Regeneration Focuses On Tourism Essay
Culture Led re impertinentlyal Focuses On Tourism EssayIntroductionThe contain of this chapter is to provide a framework for the basis of this study, discussing the key matters and forward motiones in finish-led revolution whilst examining its functionality within a wider context. It is essential to discuss flagship maturations, the common realm, urban blueprint principles and planning polity as part of the place devising process. Images of the make environment employ within place promotion strategies often add pass judgment by increasing consumption within a metropolis. The following attempts to synthesise literatures from the fields of culture, regeneration, urban design, type of place, place image and the globe realm thus providing a coherent framework for later analysis. It is these overarching concepts which remain interlinked in creating better places where populate want to live work and subsequently invest. set out One RegenerationCulture-led RegenerationTh e term culture-led regeneration has break a part of the planning and development vocabulary and has been seen as organism of increasing importance from the beginning of the 1990s, since which arts and culture have come to be seen as a key resource for urban regeneration (Griffiths et al, 2003 154) with two increased focus and funding opportunities.The Department for Culture, Media and sportswoman (DCMS) commissioned a report entitled The Contribution of Culture to Regeneration in the UK which defined regeneration as breathing impertinent life and invigoration into an ailing community, industry and areas bringing sustain commensurate, long-terms improvements to local grapheme of life (20044).Culture-led regeneration focuses on using culture and heathen activity as a atom smasher and engine for regeneration activity. Within the scope of this study much(prenominal)(prenominal) cultural activity will focus on the part and design of both creates and the reclamations of open u p space including their electrical shock and use. practically these activities are use within place rebranding strategies (Evans and Shaw 2004). Specifically this form of regeneration goat be considered finished and through many types of preparation including architecture, heritage buildings, festivals, events and the performing arts (Smith, 2006). There are numerous approaches towards achieving culture-led regeneration including production and consumption based strategies (Bianchini, 1993), as illustrated in run across X.Culture-led regeneration has been used extensively within Europe (Gomez, 1988 Keating and De Frantz, 2004 Miles, 2005) from the beginning of the 1990s as a strategy for regenerating cities that have suffered from neighborly and frugal decline through de-industrialisation. Whilst such strategies have been successful throughout Europe, un indisputablely remains regarding their long-term benefits (Kavaratzis and Ashprice, 2006). Various studies have been cond ucted into the effects and clashings of culture on regeneration as outlined in Table X within the context of this study. Culture-led regeneration initiatives have been implemented aimed towards adopting a new place image (Doucet, 2007). The shift towards a globalised economy has resulted in increased competitiveness, recognising that cities must complete of a global scale to quarter inward enthronisation funds. following(a) deindustrialisation civic institutions have adopted culture-led regeneration initiatives as a tool which tornados distinctive wider stinting benefit by not only stimulating economical growth however aiming towards addressing negative market externalities and mixer problems (Jones and Evans, 2008). Keating and De Frantz (2004190) add In a crowded international market, it nooky mark the urban center as distinct, giving it a brand image. This can indirectly promote its economic competitiveness by increasing its position in the fictitious character-life i ndexes of international enthronisation ranking. It may also have a psychological effect within the city, building self-confidence and civic pride among the population and even boosting optimism among investors. The billet of art and culture is strong within economic development and place- trade strategies as the wider cultural offer of a city formulates a key component of re-imaging and the creation of distinctive places. This often results in extensive urban development based upon consumption with individuals being attracted by the synergy formed by cultural facilities and surrounding mixed-use development (Snedcof, 1985).Figure XTable X adverts of Culture on Regeneration tangibleEconomicCulturalEnhanced identity and place imageInward investment emergenced cultural understandingAesthetic and environmental improvements through architecture, public art and public realmTourism and increased visitor spendingPromoting participation within the artsIncreased design qualityIncreased who le toneEnhanced creativity and visionIncreased use of public open spaceIncreased topographic point valueEnhanced cultural upbeat apply of redundant buildings/ increased occupancy of vacant landEmployer retentionSustainable development(Adapted from Evans and Shaw, 2004 Landry et al, 1993)A elusion study on the Newcastle Gateshead found that there were social and community benefits of culture-led regeneration including increased numbers of local residents attending cultural institutions and an increased number of residents feeling that the arts had played a valuable role in their lives. Furthermore culture-led regeneration within the area has aided in restoring local individuals identities in accessory to improving the fabric and culture within the city. Bailey et al (2004), argue that culture-led regeneration provides a framework enabling local people can to re-establish ownership of their own sense of place and space. Thus, culture is a full of life aspect of mediating and arti culating community need (Evans, 2005 959), as can be seen that one of the potential effects of culture-led regeneration is verificatory social impress in addition to economic stabilisation (see Figure X for examples).Major events are seen as a particularly effective catalyst for city regeneration processes because they are able to merge tourism strategies with urban planning and can boost the confidence and pride of the local community (Garcia, 2004 104)The arts are a catalyst for regeneration, a magnet for tourism and crease, enhance the visual quality of a citys environment and provide a focus for community and individual development (Miles, 2005 896)Figure X examples of social bear upons in culture-led regenerationFlagship Development PhenomenonOver past decades the role of the government has essentially qualifyd from functioning as city managers providing frontline public services, to policies focusing on globalisation (Doucet, 2007). Accordingly transforming into more dive rsified economies adopting entrepreneurial practices as a result of ideological shifts within government policies promoting growth and development. In order to pucker investment and create job opportunities within this ever competitive economy, there has been an increased focus and awareness of consumption factors, such as quality of life, amenities, the built environment, cultural and social facts (Healy et al, 1992). Flagship developments are often used to produce euphoria, a sense of civic pride and success amongst the local population.Flagship developments are considered a representation for economic growth and further catalytic effects such as bringing derelict space back into an economic use. Flagship developments are often launched alongside rebranding or marketing strategies with the aim of changing place image towards a dynamic and creative vision, thus attracting individuals and increasing potential footfall. Flagship developments are often determine in high-profile b illets such as central business districts (Healy et al 1992). The Bilbao region of northern Spain is often cited as a successful example of a flagship development and is known as the Guggenheim Effect having created many ripple effects across the region.Critiques of Flagship DevelopmentsDoucet (2007) notes the foremost criticism is that of conflicting visions of the city from those of the policy makers and promoters to those of the local population. Thus the head teacher arises as to who are flagships designed for, the residents or outsiders?Often flagships developments follow themes and patterns duplicated from previously successful projects which lead to a cookie-cutter effect (Doucet, 2007). Many flagship developments have become franchised and replicated in both appearance and form throughout the world, which subsequently affects their impact. For example it is evident that many flagship museums are becoming franchised diminishing originality and their unique selling positions (Harvey, 1989).Impact MeasurementThe term impact is used in relation to the contribution or role or importance of culture-led regeneration. Table X below set the different environmental and economic impact measurements and their associated tests (DCMS 2004)Table X Impact MeasurementEnvironmentalLand values and occupancy (versus vacant premise/voids), design quality, environmental/quality of life.TestsQuality of Life (ODPMs local quality of life indicators), Design Quality Indicators (DQI CABE/CIC), Re-use of brownfield landEconomicMultipliers (jobs, income/expenditure direct, indirect, induced), cost benefit analysis, possible valuation (i.e. willingness to pay for free activities such as parks, museums, libraries), inward investment and leverage, distributive effectsTestsEmployment/unemployment rates, income/spending and wealth in an area, and distribution by social group and location, employer location, public- nonpublic leverage, footfall.Place MarketingImage profile strategi es may assist in tackling issues around depravation and unemployment in addition to indirectly increasing its economic position hypothecateed in the quality of life, the creation of a distinctive sense of place and psychological effects such as implementing civic pride and a shift of perceptions. Generically through UR the rebranding of a place follows through the design and construction of the built environment. Additionally the use of high profile projects in familiarity with tourism and cultural policies promotes a positive place image in order to adapt the status of the city, its local economy and attract inward business investment as suggested by Stevenson (2003). There seems to be a growing importance in the role of economic development and the adoption of place marketing and re-imaging will assist in distinguishing a place from its competing locations. Bramwell and Rawding (1996) discuss the repositioning of a place within a better market sector with the new brand communica ting that alternative service range offers are available to investors, businesses and individuals.The phrase renaissance defines a new approach to regeneration based on the quality of place, an understanding that the design and delivery of high-quality public spaces and the built environment will raise aspirations and contribute to a higher and more sustainable operate aim of economic wellbeing. The function of the programme is to facilitate the renaissance of underperforming places and maximise its strengths. The aim is to help places develop and prosper, both in physical and economic terms.Part both Public RealmA Case for Public Realm and Place QualityThe type of investment that comprises public realm is varied and often detail to a particular location. Within a city centre context the range of interventions can cover mixed use developments with a focus on full-bloodeds, waterside development combined with good urban design features which include improving connectivity and su pporting green space. The approaches adopted can be led by the type of commercial use be it retail, cultural or indeed office development led.The definition of quality of place can be broadly draw as the range of factors which contribute to the attractiveness and functionality of a locality as a place to live, work, invest or visit. Investment that supports the development of high quality places is by and large recognised as helping to improve economic motion. This particular view has influenced the place agenda over the past decade and this is now liberately evident in public policy. Good examples of this shift in policy include the CLGs Total Place concept and the approach being adopted by the HCA to area based development. CABE have long argued the importance of quality places in defining successful places.Economic BenefitsVarious research studies undertaken over the last 10 years have sought to examine the impact of design quality on local areas and businesses. CABE (2002) draws together the findings of key research from the UK and abroad showing how investment in good design generates economic and social value. Collectively the studies provide curtilage of the value of design in the areas of civic pride and cultural activity, business, housing, educational environments, crime prevention and social wellbeing. CABE (2004) highlighted the importance of public realm and public spaces to the competitiveness of an area.Whitehead et al (2006) sought to follow up on the to begin with qualitative findings (such as the work by CABE) to quantify measures of change in business performance brought about by urban quality improvements (for example, studies that looked at willingness to pay, impact on property values and rents, turnover, footfall or other quantifiable forms of impact). Whitehead et al (2006) examined whether improvements in the urban environment (which might be achieved through pedestrianisation or public realm improvements) affect business locati on decisions. The central question posed was to establish the value to office or retail businesses of positioning in enhanced urban spaces, reviewing more than 700 different studies.Table X below summarises the quantifiable evidence found by the Panel. It indicates the range and mean value for key commercial metrics such as footfall and turnover and retail and office rental premiums observed from the investment made.Table X (Whitehead et al 2006)ActivityType of improvementNumber of casesHeadline values (Mean)Retail footfallPedestrianisation1020% 40% (32.3%)Retail turnover2210% 25% (17.0%)Retail rents42010% 30% (21.7%)Office rentsWaterfront improvement/ other water feature1015% 35% (24.2%)Commercial property values can also benefit from the presence of quality public realm and environs. In principle, higher landscape quality will help to make sites and premises easier to sell or let and help retain occupants, with near studies suggesting that some occupants value landscape qual ity more highly than others to the extent that they are prepared to pay a higher than add up rent for premises located in an area of high landscape quality (South Yorkshire Forest et al, 2008). Land and property values are a useful proxy measure for the relative prosperity and attractiveness of a community, neighbourhood or place. Property values reflect a basket of factors, including for example transport links, proximity to employment and local services, as well as environmental quality.The public realm theory of change model brings together the evidence base in terms of activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts in mapping the economic benefits of public realm investment (EMDA/ECOTEC 2007). Figure X provides a schematic of the public realm theory of change model.In the centre of the framework are the reasons why public realm investment brings about economic benefits summarised around six economic benefit streams1. Attracting business2. Increasing land / property values3. Attract ing visitors4. Increasing tourism5. Improving productiveness and6. Enhancing image.The theory is that the quality of the location is enhanced by public realm and this changes the behaviours of investors, business and visitors, leading to increased positive outcomes including increased business activity, visitor expenditure, secondary business activity, productivity and an overall enhanced image for the area. Ultimately this improves the overall investment climate for a location and employment opportunities, impacting on high level outcomes including the sustainability of communities and economic competitiveness.Figure X Public Realm Theory of Change Model.Case Study EvidenceIn evaluating the impact of public realm there has been a strong emphasis on using area based case studies. Such case studies have tended to focus on qualitative opinions, although increasingly they have used survey approaches to help assess the relative contribution of public realm investment. Table X summaris es a number of case studies.The case studies illustrate that public realm is reported by stakeholders as having an economic impact. Businesses across a range of studies report that public realm investment improves the performance of existing enterprises and influences new investment decisions. This is due to the way in which public realm impacts on increasing the attractiveness of an area, increasing footfall leading to increased consumers expenditure or improves the image of an area leading to new employment generation activity.The public realm is a secondary factor in the location decision qualification of inward investors in the East Midlands (EMDA/ECOTEC 2007). This was viewed as being due to the nature of inward investment decisions and the multiple factors that influence location. Moreover, it has been noted that there is little ample evidence from property market stakeholders to demonstrate the economic and regeneration impacts of investment in the public realm, but anecdot al evidence point to a positive relationship.A more general point relates to the context for public realm investment being made. The case study evidence suggests that whilst public realm projects can be successful in their own right, they need to be part of a wider regeneration programme to contribute towards the economic revival and sustainability of an area. What the case studies generally provide is a strong signal from businesses that there is a causal relationship between public realm investment and economic performance and the mechanisms for economic impacts. What is less clear is the relative contribution of public realm to observed overall changes.Table X Summary of selected case studies on the economic benefits of public realm sourceCase StudiesContextInvestmentQualitative ImpactsQuantitative ImpactsBirmingham Victoria SquarePublic square flanked by most established civic buildings3.7m as part of 6.5m package of worksRestriction of traffic flows helped increase pedestrian f lows, space for formal and informal activity, events attracts visitors.No assessmentBristol Queen SquareIncrease in property values of 15% which in part can be attributed to the public realm.Coventry city centrePoor quality city centre environmentRange of public realm works incorporatedUrban design improvements in the city centre, including signage, public art and civic square improvements have been cited as leading to a 25% increase in footfall on Saturdays footnoteTorbay WaterfrontWaterfront investment in public realmThe public investment was recognised by businesses as important in influencing their investment decisions and increased trade footnoteBased on waterfront business surveys and interviews was able to attribute on average some 20% of private sector investment to the waterfront public realm investment. Key retailers had noticed increased footfall as a benefit and some 10% of investment was attributed by the evaluators to the public realm investment.WhitbyTown centre publi c realm worksStudy reported an increase of 35% in visitors as a result of the public realm works. This analysis was based on a visitor survey which asked whether the public realm has influenced the decision to visit.Part Three Policy and Investment RationaleCultural Planning RationaleMost culture-led regeneration has been implemented through cultural policy (Vickery 2000) with the rule of achieving both social and political agendas. During the 1980s the use of cultural policy shifted towards an economic and physical regeneration mechanism (Garcia, 2004 McGuigan, 2005), and was known as cultural economic policy Kong (2000). Cultural policy has been used to create a sense of national identity through a cultural renaissance based on earlier on achieving economic benefits (Lee, 2004). There are variant policy levels which aim to support both production and consumption based strategies (Simonin 2003).The DCMS made it a non-statutory prerequisite for the local authorities in England t o produce a local cultural strategy to promote cultural well-being (DCMS 20005) which resulted in a high take up. A DCMS report entitled Culture at the Heart of Regeneration outlined the economic and social benefits of culture and recommended policy improvements to ensure that culture is firmly embedded in regeneration from the very beginning (DCMS,20045), not just as an after-view.Cultural planning is defined as the strategic use of cultural resources for the integrated development of cities, regions and countries (Evans, 20017), and is the means for which culture to be considered in all processes relating to planning and development (Mercer, 2002). It is promoted by academics, as an alternative to traditional cultural policies (Evans, 2001 Garcia, 2004 Bianchini, 1993). This approach promotes an understanding of cities as cultural entities (Bianchini, 1993212) and incorporates cultural policies with other sectors, such as planning (Lutz, 2006).Public Realm Investment RationaleThe public policy rationale for investing in public realm has become increasingly well documented in recent years. Public places that help to inspire, delight and attract people are now firmly recognised as one of the wellsprings of prosperity. Indeed, good quality public realm has become increasingly central to urban regeneration policy decisions. The case is well articulated by CABE (20034) A high quality public environment can have a significant impact on the economic life of urban centres and is an essential part of any successful regeneration strategy. As towns increasingly compete with one another to attract investment, the presence of good parks, squares, gardens and other public spaces becomes a vital business and marketing tool. Companies are attracted to locations that offer well-designed, well-managed public places and these in turn attract customers, employees and services.It is worth noting the words of the American urban designer Alexander Garvin who wrote Urban planning should be defined as public action that will produce a sustained and widespread private market reaction (Gallacher 200511). That is to say if any new public space is not designed without some conscious thought given to increasing human activity and exchange, as well as adding to the economic value of local neighbourhoods and facilities, then it is possible to fail. The urban competitiveness snarl outlined in the late 1990s introduced the concept that high quality public realm was an important factor in determining economic performance (Begg, 1999). The study highlighted that a high quality pedestrian environment and public realm was an essential component of creating the right environment for business.The linkages between local environmental quality and economic performance determined that public realm could have an influence through (i) stimulating the local economy through increasing private sector returns, (ii) have a positive impact on perceptions of the area, and (iii) may ret ain and attract workers to an area where there is easy access to employment centres (Frontier economics Ltd, 2004).Public realm investment is recognised as integral to the functioning of quality places. Buchanan (2008) concluded a three year evaluation project capturing the impact of quality of place investments across the North East region (these include a range of investments in cultural facilities, streetscapes, parks and other public realm). This has focused closely on the impact of quality places on economic performance and has highlighted the contribution of public realm to the mix of elements that help make a location successful.Figure X overleaf illustrates the mix of attributes that make for good locations and quality of place identified in the study. Buchanans analysis concluded that quality of place investments can make a positive contribution to regional economic performance in four areas in particularattracting and retaining knowledge workersimproving productivity thr ough enhanced densityincreasing labour force participation, andgrowing the tourism and culture economyThe study identifies a broad approach to the assessment of the impact of quality of place, covering the assessment of economic change, property values and land prices, perception change and a physical quality assessment. The physical quality assessment used a number of survey tools as outlines in Figure X below.Figure XFigure X Economic competitiveness and quality of place (Buchanan, 2008)Over time public and urban realm investment has featured more strongly in order to underpin overall investment strategies. Industrialisation in the urban centres led to expansion, but de industrialisation later led to decline. The decline of many of the town and city centres was accompanied by social and physical degeneration, worsened by urban sprawl, including the emergence of out-of town shopping. The urban cores became places more likely to hinder, rather than promote, economic growth. The shee r scale of the problem, and a insufficiency of resources, condemned to failure previous approaches of quick-fix and piecemeal interventions (in this case Sheffield).Within cultural planning policy and economic strategy the importance of public realm is in making great places and delivering more competitive locations. They serve as an attraction for people, businesses and visitors. They become places where people want to visit, live, work and invest. They offer better lifestyles. They are more likely to attract people who have more choices in life, with higher levels of income, education and skills. They attract new, knowledge-based sectors. The process of place-making helps to overcome exclusion, empowering local people and raising their levels of aspiration and ambition.The case for public sector investment in public realm is firmly grounded in a belief that it is a key contributor to the economic well-being and competitiveness of an area. There is a general body of evidence that recognises the importance of quality of place and public realm in attracting and retaining business, skilled people and visitors. From the evidence it is also clear that there are many factors that contribute to the quality of a particular location and therefore the attractiveness of a location to residents, businesses and visitors.Often a public realm strategy is just part of an overall investment strategy to improve the quality of a town or city centre environment the best are often described by investors or developers where they can see that action is being taken to improve a town or citys environment across sectors whether this be efforts to improve the town or citys retail, leisure, office, or residential offer, supported by a strong and clear masterplan and strong public sector governance. Together these factors appear to come together to improve the overall quality of a place, and a location that will boost private sector investment. The challenge appears to be in disentan gling the specific contribution of the public realm investment.Part Four ValidityLiterature ValidityFollowing an extensive literature review process it is vital to correspondingly consider the validity of such sources of literature. It remains essential for critical analysis and evaluation of certain aspects including the tone and style echoed within the literature in addition to the purpose for which it has been written. By undertaking effective and thorough research from a variety of quality key texts this enables the researcher to gain depth of knowledge and an understanding of the topic area. The adopted systematic approach to underpinning this literature review has enabled a variety of sources such as internet data, books, journals and reports for data collection, analysis generation and interpretation.A widespread of government agendas, initiatives, policies and strategy report documents have been reviewed. Refereed scholarly journal articles have been considered from various respected sources, authors and academic institutions which have been written for the purposes of professionals, academics and students within the field of the built environment. Additionally, internet data and books have presented mixed views which remain valid for use within this study. Therefore, bias or alternative influences remain few, subsequently forming reliable and valuable sources of information which have been executed with a critical approach for the purposes of this study.
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